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Polyclonal Gammopathies

2011-04-05T05:50:00.000-07:00

Excess of any thing is bad, and the same is true for elevated levels of immunoglobulins. The elevated levels of immunoglobulins, i.e. hypergammaglobulinemia could be due to monoclonal gammopathies or polyclonal gammopathies. In fact the polyclonal gammopathy signifies potent immunoglobulin response rather than actually being a disorder. Chronic infections and several chronic diseases affecting the liver and collagen are the cause of polyclonal gammopathies. Once a polyclonal gammopathy is detected, it becomes first and the foremost task to identify the underlying organic disease. Tuberculosis, Osteomyelitis, Syphilis, Chronic Bronchitis, Chronic Fungal infections, Primary Billiary Cirrhosis (PBC), Chronic Active Hepatitis (CAH), infectious hepatitis, Chronic Malaria, Leishmaniasis (Kala Azar), Filariasis, Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Polymyositis, Scleroderma, Metastatic carcinoma, slow healing trauma and Cystic fibrosis have been found to be associated with polyclonal gammopathies.

Serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) will show a broad diffuse increase in the gamma globulin region, indicative of a polyclonal gammopathy. The primary cause of the polyclonal gammopathy may be known or should be determined through conventional investigations to decide the line of treatment. The immunoglobulin excess may be resolved through the adequate treatment of underlying disease responsible for polyclonal gammopathy.

Immunoglobulin Deficiency Disorders

2011-04-04T09:12:00.000-07:00

Immunoglobulins are serum proteins having antibody activity. These proteins migrate to gamma globulin region when we do the electrophoresis of serum. These proteins are termed as gamma globulins. The gamma globulin fraction of human serum/plasma contains a variety of immunoglobulins or antibodies. Every molecule of an immunoglobulin carries antibody specificity for a single antigen. Immunoglobulins are produced by the plasma cells, primarily in the bone marrow. Plasma cells present in the germinal centers of lymph-nodes and spleen also produce immunoglobulins. A plasma cell needs activation by a specific antigen to produce immunoglobulins capable of reacting/interacting with thestimulatory antigen. Plasma cells are capable of proliferating into an expanded population or clone of identical cells. A clone of plasma cells produces immunoglobulins/antibodies with identical physical and chemical properties, also known as homogeneous or monoclonal antibodies/immunoglobulins. If more than one antigen is involved, the plasma cells will proliferate to form multiple clones and produce heterogeneous or polyclonal immunoglobulins. Plasma cells release the immunoglobulins in the surrounding tissue and thus immunoglobulins accumulate in our blood and provide immunity against infectious organisms. There are a variety of actions and reactions performed by immunoglobulins.

There are three major classes of immunoglobulins/antibodies: Immunoglobulin-G (IgG), immunoglobulin-A (IgA) and immunoglobulin-M (IgM). The IgG is the major Immunoglobulin class and account for 80% of all antibodies. Impaired production of immunoglobulins by the plasma cells is termed as immunoglobulins' deficiency or hypogammaglobulinemia. Thehypogammaglobulinemia may be either primary (congenital) or secondary (acquired) probably due to some other disorder or immunosuppressive therapy or radiation. Primary immunodeficiency (PID) disorders are most commonly detected in children and secondary immunodeficiency (SID) among adults. Frequent and/or unusual infections are an indicator of impaired immune defenses. The clinician would get to know form the history of the patient, especially a child that he/she has impaired immune defense. Frequent Streptococcal, Pseudomonas, pneumococcal or influenza infections alerts the physician to work up to rule out the immunodeficiency in a child or adult patient. An infection history representative of generalized immunodeficiency differs from selective immunodeficiency such as IgA deficiency. Selective IgA deficiency occurs in 0.1 to 0.2% children having history of sinusitis and pneumonia.

Laboratory Investigations

In addition to detailed clinical history, it is essential to get the following investigations done:

Serum Electrophoresis: Serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) test
should be done to rule out generalized deficiency or hypogammaglobulinemia.

Complete Immunoglobulin evaluation: Levels of IgG, IgA and IgM in serum should be determined by single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) method. To rule out selective IgA deficiency, salivary IgA level should also be detected in patient's saliva by SRID assay. While determining immunoglobulin deficiency in infants, it should be kept in mind that their immunoglobulin levels may drop temporarily at third to fifth month of age. Since birth the infant is protected by the maternal immunoglobulins transferred from the mother's blood circulation through placental barrier. The infant's own plasma cells (immune system) get mature around sixth month of age and start producing immunoglobulins. The transient hypogammaglobulinemia during third to fifth month of age should not be confused as PID.

Ancillary Tests: Following ancillary tests should be done to assess the antibody producing capacity of the patient: i) Titer value of ABO hemagglutinins, ii) Titer value of antistreptolysin-O, and iii) Assay for diphtheria antibodies (Schick test).

Treatment of Immunodeficiency

In most instances, immunoglobulin deficiency disorders (IDD) cannot be prevented. However, if diagnosed early enough, these can be treated successfully. Three means of treatment are available to the physician to manage immunoglobulin deficiency disorders (IDD):

Prophylaxis from infectious agents: Proper immunization of the infants is must as per W.H.O. protocol for immunization

Antibiotic therapy: Appropriate antibiotic therapy should be administered through appropriate route depending on the condition of patient.

Gamma globulin replacement therapy: If a patient has severe infection which is unresponsive to antibiotics, the IgG level should be determined. If this level is <200 mg/dl, as determined by SRID, or if the total gamma globulin is <300 mg/dl as determined by densitometry of SPE, then gamma globulin replacement therapy would be appropriate line of treatment. Gamma globulin replacement therapy may have serious side effects like anaphylaxis, so it should be administered at hospital or nursing home, under strict medical supervision. A variety of commercial gamma globulin preparations are available for intramuscular injections. The dosage must be adjusted to ensure minimum of 0.1 g/kg of IgG per month or 0.025 g/kg per week. The dosages are determined as milliliter per kilogram dose as per instructions on the vial. A variety of side effects are anticipated in about 20% of patients getting regular gamma globulin replacement therapy. There may be anxiety, facial swelling, flushing faintness, hypotension and dyspnea. In cases of secondary hypogammaglobulinemia, at first the underlying disease responsible for causing hypogammaglobulinemia needs to be treated. Gamma globulin replacement therapy is administered in very severe cases of secondary hypogammaglobulinemia. IgG levels in the sera are determined at regular intervals to monitor the clinical course and therapeutic response of patients with immunoglobulin deficiency disorders.

Clinical Manifestations of Multiple Myeloma

2011-04-04T09:06:00.000-07:00

Multiple myeloma can be defined as symptomatic monoclonal gammopathy. Elevated levels of immunoglobulin-G (IgG), immunoglobulin-A (IgA), immunoglobulin-M (IgM), immunoglobulin-D (IgD) or immunoglobulin-E (IgE) could be detected by immunoelectrophoresis. (IEP) of patient's serum. The frequency of occurrence for each immunoglobulin class is in the order mentioned above. The basis for all monoclonal gammopathies is an unrestricted proliferation of a single plasma cell clone probably due to failure of its immuno-regulatory switch or gene. The resulting homogeneous immunoglobulin accumulates in the plasma/serum and plasma cells crowd out the bone marrow. There would be suppressed/decreased production of the functional antibodies with the consequences of higher tendency towards infections.

Clinical Manifestations:

The patients with multiple myeloma present with bone pain, fatigue, pallor, anemia and weight loss. Upon examination, the bones may show osteoporosis pathologic fractures and there may also be sternal tenderness. Some patients may also show neurologic symptoms. Neurologic symptoms are caused by collapsed vertebrae compressing the spinal cord. When a patient presents with clinical symptoms of multiple myeloma, following tests should be requested immediately:

X-Rays of the skull, ribs and vertebrae

Blood count

Bone marrow aspiration

Serum protein electrophoresis (SPE)

Urine examination for Bence Jones Protein

If the x-rays show osteolytic lesions, blood count is indicative of anemia, bone marrow aspiration examination shows sheets of plasma cells and SPE shows myeloma band (M-band) in gamma globulin region, the diagnosis would be multiple myeloma. Chemical examination of urine may or may not show presence of Bence Jones protein. There would be need to determine the type/class of M-band by immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) of patient's serum.

Parthenium hysterophorus: Allergy causing plant

2011-02-08T08:28:00.000-08:00

Parthenium hysterophorus is also known as carrot weed or Congress grass. It belong to the family of plants whose other members include sunflower and chrysanthemum. Parthenium hysterophorus is neither ornamental nor edible plant. The plant grows to the height of 3 to 5 feet and bears white flowers. The flowering starts in spring season and continues for six to seven months. The plant is found in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, States of Texas & Minnesota of USA, West Indies, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Profuse growth of the plant could be seen in many cities in India. Direct contact with plant causes skin allergy to more than 50% individuals. The skin allergy caused by Parthenium hysterophorus or Congress grass may manifest as generalized eczema affecting hands, face, eyelids, neck and later arms and torso. Allergy is must in summer months but occurs all through the year. Gardeners, farmers and those engaged in outdoor activities are most affected. Young persons of either sex may also become sensitized. Abundant growth of Parthenium hysterophorus in parks, along footpaths, play grounds, roadsides and even in the lawns of houses is the main cause of parthenium dermatitis in many developed and developing countries worldwide. Long-term administration of corticosteroids may sometimes be required for controlling the symptoms of parthenium dermatitis. Affected persons with associated complications and asthma may need hospitalization. Since the cattle do not relish the plant, hence it grows unchecked. The public participation is very essential for the eradication of this environmental menace. Parthenium hysterophorus plants need to be uprooted before the flowering phase and dumped underground or destroyed with chemicals or fire to get rid of this hazardous weed.

Rabies: Signs and Symptoms in Animals and Human Beings

2011-02-08T04:16:00.001-08:00

Rabies is a disease, which man acquires from vertebrate animals. The disease is caused by a virus infecting the nervous tissue. Rabies causes 100% mortality if the human beings bitten by rabid animal and are not adequately vaccinated. Rabies is a disease of antiquity, having been known to mankind probably earlier than 2000 BC. Clinically, in both animals and man, rabies can manifest either in the form of hyperactivity (furious rabies) or paralysis (paralytic or dumb rabies). Human beings if not given prophylactic vaccination after animal bite always develop furious type rabies, whereas around 25% of dogs develop furious type rabies. Excessive salivation and lacrimation may also be present in affected animals and human beings. Hydrophobia (fear from water) may also be present in majority of the cases. No drugs work after the development of symptoms of rabies and patients lapse into coma and die. Millions of people are treated worldwide with post bite prophylactic vaccination for suspected rabid dog bites, every year.

The great Louis Pasteur was the first authority to make rabies vaccine by inactivating rabies virus obtained from the spinal cord of infected rabbit. The 'old stock vaccine' is made from the monkey's nervous tissue and 12 to 14 injections of this vaccine are required for 100% protection. Almost half of people vaccinated with 'old stock vaccine' may have appreciable local side effects and only 5 in 10,000 may have serious side effects. The latest anti-rabies vaccines have minimal side effects. The Purified Chick Embryo Cell (PCEC) and Human Diploid Cell (HDC) vaccines give 100% protection not only to those who are bitten by rabid dogs but also to those who work with rabies virus and handle reservoir animals. All vaccines are easily available worldwide at reasonable rates. Neurological complications may develop in persons vaccinated with 'old stock vaccine'.

Incubation Period: The incubation period of rabies disease is usually between one and two months. In extreme cases incubation period may be a few days or rarely, even years. The site of the bite is indicative in determining the length of incubation period. Infants and children have a shorter incubation period than adults. Restlessness, agitation, excitation, confusion, muscle spasms, hallucinations, thought disorders and hydrophobia are common signs of possibility of development of rabies in person infected with rabies virus.

Diagnosis: The diagnosis of rabies in animals is made by microscopic examination of stained brain smears or histological sections for Negri bodies. The biological test for rabies is intra-cerebral inoculation of mice with the nervous tissue squash of animals or body secretions of infected human beings and isolation of virus from inoculated mice after an incubation period of 1-2 weeks. In human beings the rabies virus can directly be isolated from saliva, urine and cerebrospinal fluid, and revealed by electron microscopic study.

Rickets and Osteomalacia: Preventable disorders

2011-02-07T04:19:00.000-08:00

Softening of bones and associated bone deformities in infants and children are termed as rickets. It has been well established that rickets is a bone disorder caused by lack of vitamin D. A similar disorder among adults is known as osteomalacia. The vitamin D is an activated form of pro vitamin D. The activation of pro vitamin D to form vitamin D is caused by the ultraviolet radiation of the sunlight. So, sufficient exposure to sunlight is must to prevent rickets in infants & children and osteomalacia in adults. However, only adequate exposure to sunlight would not be helpful to avoid rickets or osteomalacia if our diet does not contain adequate amount of vitamin D and calcium. High incidence of rickets is common amongst malnourished children. Etiopathological factors are responsible for rickets the world over. The vitamin D as such is not biologically active vitamin. There are no specific sources of vitamin D in our diet except some species of fish, egg yoke and butter. Infants and children should regularly be supplemented with vitamin D and calcium along with sunbath to avoid risk of developing rickets.

System Optimizer and Restorer: Easy-to-use software

2010-09-13T09:48:00.000-07:00

Every user of a computer is concerned about the safety of his/her precious data. The restoration of crashed system and safe retrieval of data is always cumbersome, time consuming and costly affair, and needs expertise. Everybody needs a simple solution to prevent system crash or to restore the system to a healthy state. In my opinion Digeus System Optimizer is the smartest way to solve computer problems and protection & restoration of your valuable data. Digeus System Optimizer 8.2 is easy-to-use software that could help you eliminate system crash and restore your system to a healthy state. It eliminates system crashes and slowdowns. It automatically identifies and repairs the common Window problems. It is very easy to down load, install and use the same with free support from Digeus Inc.

The suite of Digeus System Optimizer 8.2 is composed of following tools:

Digeus Data Encryptor

Digeus Disk Space Analyzer

Digeus Drivers and Programs

Digeus Duplicate Files Finder

Digeus Icon Manager

Digeus IE Manager

Digeus Junk Files Cleaner

Digeus Memory Cleaner

Digeus Multimedia Settings Tweaker

Digeus Optimization Wizard

Digeus Privacy Protection

Digeus Process Manager

Digeus Registry Cleaner

Digeus Registry Defragmenter
Digeus Repair System Settings

Digeus Service Manager

Digeus File Shredder

Digeus Smart Uninstaller

Digeus Startup Manager

Digeus System Customization

Digeus System Info

Digeus System Security Tweaker

Digeus System Speed Optimizer

Digeus Unnecessary Files Cleaner

One can download and install System Optimizer 8.2:

http://www.digeus.com/
downloads/systemoptimizer/
files/8/sysoptimizer_8_2.exe

Learn more what is included in System Optimizer 8.2:

http://digeus.com/products/
systemoptimizer/system-
optimizer.html

Methyl Alcohol Poisoning: Management Tips

2010-07-12T06:15:00.000-07:00

Successful management of methyl alcohol poisoning requires prompt recognition. The most important therapeutic action is to correct the metabolic acidosis quickly. Methyl alcohol or methanol is an industrial solvent and widely used as paint thinner, paint remover, nail-polish remover and as a denaturant in ethyl alcohol. The poisoning due to methyl alcohol occurs due to consumption of rectified spirit or methylated spirit or illicit distilled ethyl alcohol. Methanol is completely absorbed within 3-4 hours of ingestion. After absorption the methanol is metabolized in the liver by the action of alcohol dehydrogenase to form formaldehyde and formic acid. Some of the ingested methanol is eliminated unchanged by the kidneys and lungs.

Ingestion of more than 30 ml of methanol/methyl alcohol is lethal, but the extent of toxicity may be influenced by concomitant ingestion of ethyl alcohol and other unknown host factors. A blood level of methanol of 20mg/dl is toxic. Severity of toxicity correlates with the level of methanol in blood. The variability in the development of methanol toxicity may be due to various liver diseases and availability and synthesis of alcohol dehydrogenase.

Symptoms of methanol poisoning after illicit alcohol consumption:

A person suspected of having consumed pure methanol or rectified spirit, industrial solvent/thinner, nail-polish remover or illicit distilled alcohol may complain of abdominal discomfort and pain, breathlessness, cardiac arrhythmia and blurred vision. If medical help is delayed the patient may go blind with delayed onset of coma.

Tips to manage methanol poisoning:

If the patient is not unconscious, try to know the type of alcoholic drink he/she has consumed. The patient should be shifted to emergency wing of a nearby hospital immediately. If the patient has consumed pure methanol, he/she should be encouraged to take around 4 oz of brandy or whisky to retard the metabolism as the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase has more affinity for ethyl alcohol than the methyl alcohol. An assay of methanol blood levels can help to confirm the diagnosis, however, a patient having consumed a doubtful solvent and having metabolic acidosis and burred vision, should be considered a case of methanol poisoning and treated accordingly. Liver function tests along with blood pH and urine analysis should be done. The patient should be put on hemodialysis or promptly referred to a hospital where facilities for hemodialysis are available. Any arrhythmia, heart failure, convulsions or shock need urgent medical attention. If more than 4 hours have elapsed since ingestion and patient do not have arrhythmia and blurred vision, gastric lavage should be performed with sodium bicarbonate solution until the return fluid is clear of methanol. Patient should be kept under observation till considerable metabolic recovery.

Childhood Asthma

2010-07-07T06:31:00.000-07:00

A wheezing child has over 80% chances of having asthma. Though wheezing has been considered as a hallmark feature of asthma but it may be associated with other disorders. Recurrent wheezing in infants and children should be considered a diagnostic feature of asthma, but all asthma does not wheeze. Pulmonary function tests (PFT) should be performed to confirm a diagnosis of asthma. Non-wheezing asthma is called 'occult asthma'. Spasmodic, persistent or recurrent cough may also be a feature of asthma. In the absence of wheezing a diagnosis of asthma may be missed in children. All cases of suspected asthma should be subjected to PFT. The response to asthma therapy can also be assessed with PFT. General pulmonary fitness in-between attacks should be monitored at home or at doctor's clinic by Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) meter. Various precipitating and aggravating factors may differ with age in children and the trend may continue during adult life.

Because of various misconceptions, asthma is highly undertreated disorder in children. Symptoms of asthma may vary with age and asthmatic children always have different clinical patterns. Type and duration of pharmacotherapy appropriate for one pattern may be inappropriate for the other, so it is important both for the physician and the parents of children to understand these patterns.

Childhood Asthma: Pattern-I

Allergic, viral or exercise induced asthma are included in pattern-I. Here the chest congestion with wheezing and breathlessness (bronchospasm) occurs in minutes or hours and rarely lasts for more than a few days. Around 50% percent of all cases of childhood asthma have pattern-I asthma. There may be 1 to 5 episodes per year. The lung functions are near normal and these cases respond well to bronchodilators along with anti-allergic treatment and rarely need steroids.

Childhood Asthma: Pattern-II

Aetiology and features of this type also resemble pattern-I but number of attacks may be 5 to 6 per year. Longer duration of treatment with bronchodilators and sometimes steroids may be required.

Childhood Asthma: Pattern-III

Undertreated children may develop this pattern where overt symptoms of asthma may be variable with impairment of PFT. These children require steroids along with bronchodilators and the course of treatment may be longer.

Childhood Asthma: Pattern-IV

Children with this pattern experience breathlessness without considerable wheezing. Variable but persistent airway obstruction and impaired PFT have been documented in children affected by pattern-IV asthma. These patients need long term treatment with bronchodilators and steroids.

Childhood Asthma: Pattern-V

Children having no symptoms of asthma during the day but having asthmatic attack at midnight or early in the morning should be labeled as the cases of pattern-V asthma. These patients may need aerosol therapy with steroids or beta agonists at night to control the cough and wheezing. Concurrent exposure to various aggravating factors may induce severe effects. Aggravation of symptoms by exercise or a specific allergen should be recognized and reported to the treating physician.

Understanding Obesity

2010-07-06T09:26:00.000-07:00

Basically the term obesity means excess of body weight due to increase in adipose tissue-mass. It is important to understand the cause of obesity for its effective management. Weight measures in excess of 'ideal body weight' with reference to normal range ideal for age, sex, height and body built. To define obesity we should measure the adiposity by measuring the skinfold thickness at triceps (normal: 23mm in males and 27mm in females) or at inter scapular region (normal: 35mm in males and 42mm in females). In most of the cases the obesity is due to overeating while in minority it could be associated with the metabolic and endocrine disorders. Beyond certain degree, obesity may increase the state of morbidity and cause associated diseases like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease (CAD), gall stones, osteoarthritis etc.

Understanding patient's eating habits, likes & dislikes, temperaments, lifestyle, work schedules and adaptability to environment are important to decide a course of treatment. Compliance of doctor's advice is important for effective treatment of obesity. Dietary measurements, exercise and slimming pills are always helpful in controlling the obesity. Treatment of associated metabolic or endocrine disorders should be pursued effectively.

Dietary management:

A variety of dietary schedules ranging from zero calorie to isocaloric high protein diets are available for the treatment of obesity. Diet should be adjusted in such a way that weight loss is not in excess of one kg/week. For the success of diet regime it is important to keep a balance between 'forbidden' and 'permitted' items. Too much recommendation of low carbohydrate diet sometimes leads to a notion that non-carbohydrate diets are absolutely harmless. Rapid weight loss through zero calorie diet or fasting may sometimes be non productive as the weight lost due to loss of water would be regained quickly. The 'ad lib' items should be salads and leafy vegetables.

Exercise:

Exercise is known to increase calorie expenditure and thus leads to loss of adiposity. Exercise also increases our metabolic rate and thus supports the weight loss. In practice, however, exercise alone cannot be sufficient way to try to reduce weight. Exercise along with dietary control is good for both the general fitness and weight loss.

Anti-obesity drugs:

There are a variety of drugs for combating the food-obesity axis. There are drugs for decreasing appetite, digestion, absorption and inhibiting lipogenesis. There drugs for increasing heat production or thermogenesis. The drug treatment of obesity is not very promising, as the majority of drugs at effective therapeutic level have been found toxic.

Itching and Associated Diseases

2010-07-05T07:51:00.000-07:00

Itching or pruritus is defined as the skin sensation that prompts the patient to scratch a particular area of the skin. Irritative stimulation of skin is caused due to activation of free nerve endings situated at the dermo-epidermal junction. Itching is a physiologic or pathologic symptom caused due to internal or external factors. Itch receptors present in the free nerve endings at the dermo-epidermal junction are stimulated by histamine and other anaphylactic substances and evoke motor response of scratching. If not controlled, scratching may lead to skin injury and infection. There is a scratching itch cycle and one feels relieved after the itching cycle. Itching or pruritus is the most common disease of the skin caused by innumerable causes. If the cause of itching/pruritus remains undiagnosed even after two weeks then it is labeled as pruritus of undetermined origin (PUO). The cause of itching/pruritus could be local or systemic. It can be associated with the following systemic diseases.

Renal disease and pruritus:

Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a well-recognized cause of generalized and persistent pruritus. Uremia during CRF and cellular changes in the skin could be the possible cause of itching/pruritus. It is not directly related to renal function parameters, as patients with acute renal failure (ARF) do not complain of itching.

Liver disease and pruritus:

Patients with liver disease may also present with mild transient or severe or persistent sensation of itching. Intra-hepatic or extra-hepatic cholestasis in these patients leads to pruritus or itching. Primary billiary cirrhosis, cholangitis, viral infections, drugs and pregnancy can cause intra-hepatic cholestasis and lead pruritus.

Pregnancy and pruritus:

Pregnant women with mild abnormalities of liver function in the form of cholestasis may develop itching in the third trimester of pregnancy. Three out of 100 pregnant women may have pruritus.

Endocrine diseases and pruritus:

Pruritus confined to genital or peri-anal areas is most common in diabetics. Patients with diabetes mellitus sometimes may present with pruritus as the main presenting feature for medical consultation. Patients suffering from hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism may also have generalized itching or pruritus.

Pruritus in occult malignancies:

Intense itching of nostrils has been observed in patients with tumors of brain. Adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of various organs may also lead to generalized itching/pruritus. Around 30% patients with Hodgkin's disease have been found to be affected by itching disorder; some patients may show these symptoms as presenting features.

Computer Related Health Disorders

2010-07-02T10:59:00.000-07:00

Computer users may experience occasional discomfort in their hands, arms, shoulders, neck as well as other parts of body. If some one experiences symptoms such as recurring or persistent discomfort, pain, throbbing, aching, stiffness, burning sensation, tingling or numbness; should not ignore these warning signs. One should consult a qualified medical professional even if symptoms occur occasionally. Above cited symptoms can be associated with painful and sometimes permanently disabling injuries involving nerves, muscles or tendons. These computer associated musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) include carpal tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, and tenosynovitis. Severity of symptoms depend on many factors like general physical & medical conditions of the computer user, daily duration of computer use, type and make of computer key board & mouse, type of monitor (CRT, TFT or LCD) and posture during computer operation. For guidelines to reduce the risk of developing an MSD, please refer to "Healthy Computing Guide". You can access the "Healthy Computing Guide" at www.microsoft.com/hardware/hcg/default.html .

Celiac Disease: Gluten-free diet is the treatment

2010-06-28T07:44:00.000-07:00

The term allergy means hyper-action of our body's immune system to allergens (mostly proteins or compounds tagged to proteins). Like our skin and respiratory tract, our digestive tract (intestines) can also be hypersensitive to some constituents of food. Celiac disease is a disorder of the digestive system which is caused by intolerance/allergy to a protein called gluten. People with celiac disease can not tolerate gluten. The disease is partially genetic and inherited. Parents, siblings and children of people with celiac disease may also have/be having this disease. Celiac disease damages the inner lining of the small intestine and interferes with the absorption of nutrients from food. The cause of celiac disease is the immunological allergic reaction to gluten present in food that causes inflammation and damages the inner border (microvilli) of small intestine. Figure-1 below shows the ultrastructural changes at the inner lining of small intestine in a patient affected by Celiac disease. A visual comparison with Figure-2 (Normal inner surface of small intestine) would make you understand the pathological change.

Figure-1: Electron micrograph of biopsy from the small intestine of a patient affected by celiac disease showing eroded microvilli.

Figure-2: Electron micrograph showing normal microvilli at the inner surface of small intestine.

Sources of Gluten

Wheat, barley and rye are the main source of gluten. The gliaden component of gluten causes celiac disease. Some adhesives, medicines and vitamin products, which we use daily, may contain gluten.

Diagnostic symptoms of celiac disease

Some of the typical symptoms of celiac disease are failure to gain weight, diarrhoea, irritability, vomiting, abdominal pain and foul stools, early in infant life. The most common period of presentation and detection of celiac disease is between six months and two years of age. Some children may present with excessive appetite, abdominal distension, wasted muscle, finger clubbing and edema.

Preventive treatment of celiac disease

A gluten-free diet is the only treatment of celiac disease. A person aware of having intolerance to gluten should avoid eating foods containing wheat, barley and rye products. Modern drugs may provide symptomatic relief but ultimate treatment is preventive therapy in celiac disease.

Important Tips

Parents of the children with celiac disease have great responsibility to make the children comply with the doctor's instructions for gluten-free diet.

Recognizing and avoiding new food products containing wheat, barley or rye is a great challenge and people with celiac disease should be very careful since non-compliance of gluten-free diet may cause relapse.

People having celiac disease should take food items prepared from rice and corn only along with fruits, juices and milk products.

Reading the contents of grocery items is important before eating because many corn and rice products come from the manufacturers of wheat products.

Gluten-free but balanced diet is must for normal growth of the children affected by celiac disease.

Medicines coated/laced with gluten products should be avoided.

Management of Knee Pain

2010-06-27T00:00:00.000-07:00

There are around 150 joints in our body and the Knee joint is most afflicted by disease or injury. The knee joint bears the brunt of our body weight and pain in this joint affects our mobility. Knee injury, immunological disorders, rheumatoid arthritis and gouty arthritis in addition to age related bone disorders may complicate the problem. Early management of pain and care of knee joints could be helpful to prevent any deformity and disability. Knee pain may be at front, back or at inner or outer side of knee joint. Our body weight exerts pressure on our knee joints during we walk, run or climb stairs. Pressure force on knee joint is almost 5 to 6 times more when we climb stairs as compared to when we walk on leveled ground or road. The size of our hips also affects pressure on our knee joints. Individuals with broader hips are at more risk to develop knee pain. Both the young and old people can be inflicted by knee pain but site of pain may vary person to person.

Tips to manage knee pain:

Consult your family doctor or bone & joint expert for an early diagnosis.
At home, early treatment involves wrapping with crepe bandage and elevation of knees to prevent swelling.
Obesity is the major factor for the knee problem, so body weight control should be your first priority.
Avoid climbing stairs and do non-impact exercise like walking or stationary cycling.
Use sports shoes as these would help to reduce impact shock while walking.
Warm oil or pain relieving liniment, spray or gel can be applied to knee joint and injured muscles.
Try to keep your knees straight while sitting in a chair.
Join rehabilitation exercise program to strengthen the muscles involved in injury and to regain power & coordination of the knee joint movement.
Keep in touch with your physician for proper medication to avoid osteoarthritis.

Urinary Bladder Cancer and People at Risk

2010-06-25T06:05:00.000-07:00

Blood in urine, termed as hematuria in medical terminology, is the first warning sign of urinary bladder cancer. However, other causes need to be evaluated and one should not panic on seeing blood in urine. Benign tumors, stones in kidney or urinary bladder and infection can also cause hematuria. Generally early stages of the bladder cancer cause bleeding but pain may be absent or there could be mild pain. Enlarged prostate in males may also show such symptoms. Blood in urine may be present one day and absent on the other day or for a week also. Change in bladder habits, such as burning during urination and extra urgency of passing urine can also be symptoms of bladder cancer.

Smokers are at great risk of having urinary bladder cancer. Cancer causing chemicals carcinogens) from tobacco smoke are absorbed from the lung into the blood circulation, filtered through kidneys and concentrated in urine. Toxic effect of these chemicals damage the internal lining of the bladder and increase the chances of development of cancer. Beta-naphthylamine , aromatic amines and benzidine used in dye industry can cause bladder cancer in industrial workers associated with textile & dying industry. Industrial workers associated with industries making rubber, leather goods and paints are also at high risk. Workers of printing companies are also at risk due to exposure to aromatic amines in printing inks. Painters and hairdressers are equally at risk of developing urinary bladder cancer. The risk of developing urinary bladder cancer increases with advancing age. It has been observed that urinary bladder cancer is more prevalent in men than women probably due to variation in exposure to carcinogenic chemicals and smoking habits.

Urinary bladder cancer can be treated through intravesical therapy and/or chemotherapy after surgical cystectomy. Cytological study of urinary deposit can be helpful in establishing a diagnosis of urinary bladder cancer. Pathological diagnosis of transurethral biopsy of urinary bladder is also sometimes required to establish the diagnosis. Superficial bladder cancer (early stage) can be treated through transurethral resection(TUR) using a rigid cystoscope called resectoscope, by an expert urologist. When the bladder cancer has deep roots or it is of invasive type, radical cystectomy may be required to remove all parts of the urinary bladder and further reconstructive surgery is performed to construct artificial bladder from a short piece of intestine. Just trust your urologist.

Chemistry of Life: A convergence of organic and Inorganic matter

2010-06-25T06:01:00.000-07:00

The chemistry of life is very complex subject. Our body is made-up of very complicated chemical compounds built up from about one dozen elements. Several dozen chemicals produced from about a dozen basic elements make the living matter in unicellular as well as multi-cellular plants and animals. The most common elements, which are constituents of various organic and inorganic compounds in our body are: Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Iron (Fe), Iodine (I), Magnesium (Mg), Sulphur (S), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K) and Chlorine (Cl). Sodium is the main constituent of the living matter in all body fluids in animals and human beings. Potassium is present in the cells in animals and humans but present in abundant in plants. Hydrogen and Oxygen are the constituents of water (H₂O). Water is the vehicle of life force as life is not possible without water. Hydrogen, Oxygen and Carbon are the constituents of carbohydrates. Proteins are composed of Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulphur, however all proteins do not contain Sulphur. Though we have been successful in analyzing the chemical constituents of living matter but life can not be created by just mixing of these chemicals. These chemicals act as a fuel for the propagation and preservation of life. Water and Oxygen have a vital role in creation of bioenergy and its transportation to various cells and tissues of the body. Exocrine and endocrine glands of our body play a vital role in the production and regulation of various bio-compounds required for normal health. Kidneys play excretory and regulatory function for maintaining a state of homoeostasis.

Screen Capture Software 3.6.242197

2010-04-22T05:38:00.000-07:00

Whenever we write ezine articles for our blog, we need to capture and crop images from different sources. This tool would be very convenient for you as it is a multitasking tool. To try SnapIt Screen Capture Software for Free, just visit link cited at the end of the article. Brief information about the wonderful features and uses of this product has been exhibited below:

Snapshot-Screen Capture:

Capture anything you see on your PC screen! Don't waste time cropping your captures. Take a "snapshot" of anything exactly what you need, with just a click. Irreplaceable tool for Bloggers, Designers, Office Workers, Business People, Analysts, Technical Writers who have to describe interfaces, menus, buttons, etc.

Unique Features:

- Supports hotkeys, auto-saving, clipboard
- Automatically copies screenshots to the clipboard
- Tracks capture history, auto-saves captured images
- Saves files in BMP, GIF, JPEG, PNG and TIFF formats
- Auto-names captured images

Here is the Link: <a href="http://www.digeus.com/
products/snapit/snapit_screen_
capture_3_5.html">Screen Capture</a>

Windows 7 TuneUp suite for better PC maintenance and security

2010-04-21T07:08:00.000-07:00

Windows 7 TuneUp suite is your all-purpose tool for better PC maintenance and security. Plus, it protects your computer from system crashes, repairs and maintains your PC health, removes unneeded Internet clutter, regains valuable disk space, cleans your registry and tweak windows to perform better.

Main Features:
* Support Windows XP/Vista/7
* Eliminates system crashes, freezes and slowdowns
* Automatically identifies and repairs common Windows problems
* Eliminate BSOD (Blue Screen of Death)
* Speeds up boot up time
* Repairs defects by building a fresh registry
* Compacts registry by removing gaps and unused space
* Removes fragmentation with a linear and sequential registry
* Improves system performance due to faster registry load/read
* Finds and deletes duplicate files of any type
* Saves space on your hard drive
* Extends internal system uninstaller with features to find and delete left traces (e,g registry keys, folders etc.)
* Improves your Windows PC's overall performance and stability
* Question based services and drivers tune up
* Automatically tweaks system services and drivers for better performance
* Recovers CPU & Memory usage taken by unneeded services and drivers
* Full control of the programs that are loaded during Windows startup
* Add/remove/edit startup items
* Task scheduler configurator
* Cleans Browser History
* Cleans history index.dat file content in Internet Explorer.

Here is the link:

<a href="http://www.windsty.com/
products/windows_7_
tuneupsuite/windows-7-tuneup.
html">Windows 7 Repair</a>

Acute Rheumatic Fever in Children: Diagnostic Criteria

2010-04-09T05:06:00.000-07:00

Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a common diagnostic problem in developing countries. The incidence of ARF (acute rheumatic fever) in developed countries is well under control. Joint pain can be common problem in children but may rarely be symptom of serious joint disease. The physician must be able to determine whether the pain is a result of some lifestyle disorder or of some serious problem within the joints. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or rheumatic fever may also be a cause of joint pains and should always be ruled out. Complex and variable presentation of this devastating disorder sometimes confuse the physicians to reach at a diagnosis clinically.

Signs & symptoms and clinical history:

The spectrum of diagnoses that need to be considered can be narrowed down on the basis of clinical history. Age, sex and the acute or insidious mode of onset and development of joint pains act as pointers of the clinical history's role in diagnosis of the rheumatic fever or juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. The diagnostic workup of a child demands a history of preceding or concurrent illness presenting with sore throat or viral symptoms, or a history of recent immunization for rubella or other viral infections. The location, pattern and duration of joint pain are other important points to be taken into consideration.

Diagnostic criteria:

The diagnosis of rheumatic fever is very complicated as the disease may affect a number of organs and tissues. The fact is that no single laboratory test or clinical manifestation is enough to be diagnostic. A composite understanding of clinical manifestations and laboratory investigations is essential to reach at a diagnosis of ARF. If supported by the evidence of preceding Group-A Streptococcal infection, the presence of two major manifestations or one major and two minor manifestations is must to make a diagnosis of rheumatic fever.

1) Major manifestations: As proposed by the American Heart Association, the major manifestations of acute rheumatic fever are clinical evidences of this disease. The major manifestations are: carditis polyarthritis, chorea, erythema marginatum and
subcutaneous nodules. The arthritis/polyarthritis is the most common major manifestation found in the majority (around 75%) of patients during the acute stage of the disease and the remainder being found in relatively small proportion (around 25%) of patients. The arthritis is painful with the joints being swollen, red and warm to touch. Ankles, knees, elbows and wrists are usually involved. Rheumatic carditis is the most serious manifestation of acute rheumatic fever and may affect around 5% of patients with ARF. Chorea means rapid, purposeless involuntary movements of various body parts, generally bilateral and accompanied by muscle weakness. Around 15% of the patients with rheumatic fever may show the signs of chorea. The rash of rheumatic fever is called Erythema marginatum and is nonpruritic, nonindurated and pink rash. Lesions may vary in size and occur mainly on the trunk, buttocks and proximal extremities and occurs in around 5% of patients with rheumatic fever. Subcutaneous nodules are firm, painless nodules and may appear over some joints in about 1% of patients with rheumatic fever.

2) Minor manifestations and laboratory investigations: The minor manifestations of rheumatic fever are: history of previous rheumatic fever or rheumatic heart disease, arthralgia, fever, elevated acute phase proteins and prolonged P-R intervals on Electrocardiogram (ECG). The minor manifestations tend to be less specific than the major manifestations discussed above. The laboratory studies such as detection of elevated levels of acute phase reactants are also nonspecific. Differential count of white blood cells may show granulocytosis in patients having acute streptococcal infection. Fever is always present at the onset of an attack of rheumatic fever. The temperature is usually around 102^o F (39^o C) at the onset and may persist at around 100^o F (37.8^o C) for several weeks. Arthralgia means the presence of joint pain in one or more joints without inflammation, tenderness or limitation of range of motion of a joint. If polyarthritis has already been counted as major manifestation, arthralgia should be ignored. Elevated levels of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen are generally observed in untreated patients with rheumatic fever. These are nonspecific indicators of inflammation and neither ESR nor CRP is specific for rheumatic fever. Prolongation of P-R interval on ECG usually indicates an abnormal delay in conduction through the atrioventricular (AV) node. P-R interval prolongation on ECG is observed in around 35% of patients with rheumatic fever but may also be present in other inflammatory diseases (Myocarditis and digitalis or quinidine toxicity may also cause prolonged P-R intervals on ECG). A throat swab culture should always be done to isolate Group-A Streptococcal infection at the time of diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever. It is better if antistreptolysin-O (ASO) titers are measured in these patients. Elevated levels of antistreptolysin-O (ASO) titers are observed in approximately 80% of patients
affected by rheumatic fever. An ASO titer of over 300 units in a school-age child is an evidence of recent Group-A Streptococcal infection.

Differential diagnosis:

Non-rheumatic conditions that present with musculo-skeletal pain in children can usually be diagnosed on the basis of physical examination and history without any laboratory investigation. Such conditions could be trauma, hypermobility syndrome, overuse syndrome, benign recurrent limb pains and psychogenic rheumatism. Rheumatic fever, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, infectious and neoplastic bone disease as causative agents of joint pains need to be evaluated in the light of major and minor manifestations discussed above.

Coronary Heart Disease and Dietary Interventions

2010-02-28T22:11:00.000-08:00

Dyslipidemia is the main biochemical feature of coronary heart disease (CHD). Dyslipidemia refers to the elevated level of total cholesterol (TC) as well as triglycerides (TG) or a decreased level of high density lipoprotein (HDL). Dyslipidemia may result from alteration in the production of lipid components or due to abnormal catabolism or clearance as a result of environmental or genetic factors. Single or multiple gene mutations affecting the triglycerides/low density lipoprotein cholesterol are the cause of primary dyslipidemia. Sedentary life style or excessive dietary intake of saturated fat, cholesterol and trans fats can cause secondary dyslipidemia. Secondary dyslipidemia may also be caused due to certain health ailments, such as: diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, chronic kidney disease, hypothyroidism, primary biliary cirrhosis and cholestatic liver disease. Overuse of alcohol and some drugs can also cause secondary dyslipidemia. Early identification and treatment of children with primary dyslipidemia or hyperlipidemia is important to prevent coronary heart disease. Screening is recommended for children above the age of two having positive family history of premature coronary heart disease, early heart disease. Positive family history of CHD refers to the history of angina pectoris, peripheral vascular disease, myocardial infarction, cerebrocardiac disease, coronary atherosclerosis or sudden death before the age of 55 years in parents, grand parents or first degree uncle or aunt.

Fasting cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels should be determined in the sera of children suspected to have dyslipidemia. Total cholesterol level <170 mg/dl and LDL <110 mg/dl are considered normal, whereas total cholesterol level >200 mg/dl and LDL >130 mg/dl are considered elevated in children. Levels between upper and lower limits could be called borderline values. Physical activity in the form of exercise and brisk walking should be encouraged to maintain weight control and endurance in insulin resistance in diabetics to prevent the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

Dietary interventions play a vital role in the management of dyslipidemia. A diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, high in complex carbohydrates should be encouraged for the normal growth and maintenance of desirable weight. Dietary fibre intake should be increased as it helps in reducing the blood cholesterol levels. 'Whole wheat flour bread', corn fakes and barley sattu should be preferred in addition to leafy vegetables. Regular intake of diet containing phytosterols/stanols, omega-3 fatty acid and Soya protein have been found to be effective to reduce the serum LDL cholesterol as well lowering the total cholesterol. Pharmacological treatment is recommended for managing the dyslipidemia in children at 10 years of age and adolescents with LDL>190mg/dl.

Rickets: A preventable bone disease

2010-02-24T04:59:00.000-08:00

Rickets is a well known bone disease seen among infants and children. It causes skeletal deformities and softening of bones. An identical disorder seen amongst adults is known as osteomalacia. Rickets is a vitamin deficiency disease caused by lack of vitamin-D. Dietary intake of vitamin-D and natural conversion of pro-vitamin-D to vitamin-D through ultraviolet radiation of sunlight is must for the prevention of rickets. Inadequate exposure to sunlight may be the main biological factor responsible for the development of rickets, but inadequate intake of vitamin-D and calcium remains the number one cause of rickets. So, the main factors responsible for causing rickets are malnutrition, vegetarianism and inadequate exposure to sunlight. Rickets is very common amongst the malnourished children. Egg yolk, butter and some species of fish are the best known natural sources of vitamin-D. Lactating mothers should always take adequate diet rich in vitamin-D to prevent rickets in their infants. Growing children need food supplements fortified with vitamin-D in addition to normal diet and adequate exposure to sunlight for healthy bones and prevention of rickets.

Geriatrics: Old age and its management

2010-02-24T04:55:00.000-08:00

The definition of old age varies in indifferent zones of the worldwith respect to the cutoff age or the age of onset of old age. Arbitrarily the attainment of the age of 65 years is said to be the knocking point of old age, but the health status of all old people is always influenced by physical and emotional stress. As a general criterion , all people above the age of 75 fall in the category of old. Generally doing all the duties of personal cleanliness and comfort, unassisted is a challenge for some old people. Since 1950 Geriatric medicine has been recognized as a specialty of medicine which focuses on the healthcare of aged citizens. Geriatricians are better trained in the care of elderly patients than the general physicians. The old generally suffer from incapacitating illness. Very few hospitals have special wards for old and the specialty of geriatrics. Many people suffer a decline in their metabolic and immune functions when they get old. The health authorities of all the countries should have comprehensive policy for the care of old people. Our cultural traditions include the respect for parents and the old. The fifth commandment directs, "to honour thy father and mother". The specialized agencies of the U.N. (including I.L.O., F.A.O., U.N.E.S.C.O. and W.H.O.) and many non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have been doing their best for the general care and medicinal needs of the elderly. NGOs should focus their attention on the vital sectors like personal hygiene, food, optimal clothing, exercise and entertainment in an effort to provide quality life to the inmates of old age homes. The elderly people need our special attention as we do in case of children. There is a need for integration of the specialty of geriatrics with other medical and paramedical services in order to provide appropriate medical expertise to elderly patients.

Type-2 Diabetes and the role of incretins

2010-01-30T08:26:00.000-08:00

The incretins are the hormones, which are released into the blood circulation in response to nutrients we eat. These peptide hormones are generally released within minutes of eating or enteral nutrition. In humans, the major incretins are: (i) Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and (ii) Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). GLP-1 is secreted by L-cells in the ileum and colon, while GIP is secreted by K-cells in the duodenum of our alimentary canal. GLP-1 and GIP stimulate insulin secretion by the pancreas and also affect the gut and the brain. Their combine effect make significant contribution in glucose homoeostasis, particularly in scaling down the peak of postprandial glucose level. It has been proved through experimental studies that the GLP-1 has the major incretin effect; that is around 80% of the combine effect of GLP-1 and GIP. These incretins probably act via glycoprotein-coupled receptors.

Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or type-2 diabetes mellitus (Type-2 DM) is characterized by pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and variable degree of insulin response. Complex interaction of genetics and environmental factors are responsible for metabolic disorders leading to diabetes. Taming of hyperglycemia through medicines, dietary control and regular exercise is possible. Increasing prevalence of obesity and reduced physical activity is directly related to the increasing prevalence of type-2 DM, worldwide. Oral antidiabetic agents, diet and or exercise and insulin are currently used for the treatment of patients with diabetes. Existing antihyperglycemic agents are often associated with an increased risk of adverse effects (such as weight gain and hypoglycemia) and most often become less effective due to histological/cellular variations (progressive beta cell failure) in the pancreas of the patient.

Incretins provide insulinotropic stimulus and thus lower the blood glucose level by increasing insulin secretion. However, the incretin response to a meal lasts approximately around 3 hours as the incretin molecules have very short half-life (<5 minutes) and are metabolized quickly. An enzyme known as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), produced by endothelial cells, disintegrate the incretin molecules within 2-3 minutes of their secretion. Poor incretin response has been observed in patients with type-2 diabetes during the glucose tolerance test as indicated by reduced level of GLP-1 as compared to normal individuals. The functional response (insulinotropic response) of GLP-1 was found to be intact in patients with type-2 diabetes and that gave new direction to the treatment regimen of diabetes. At present the incretin system has been under active study to find out the effective compounds for the treatment of type-2 diabetes. Pharmaceutical compounds like: (1) GLP-1 'analogues' or GLP-1 receptor agonists which are resistant to breakdown by DPP4 and (2) Incretin enhancers which inhibit the action of DPP4 on GLP-1 molecules, have been under active study for use in new formulations.

Exenatide is already in clinical use after its approval by US-FDA. Exenatide is a biosynthetic form of GLP-1 analogue-exendin-4. Exendin-4 is a naturally occurring GLP-1 found in the saliva of a lizard known as Gila monster. It was approved by US-FDA in 2005 for use in combination with metformin or sulfonylureas or both together. Exenatide is administered twice daily before meals by subcutaneous injections from a pre-filled pen. Incretin enhancers improve the control of glucose level in blood by inhibiting DPP4 action on incretin hormones especially GLP-1 molecules. Incretin enhancer Sitagliptin was approved by US-FDA in 2006 and Vildagliptin was approved by US-FDA in 2007, and both have been used as monotherapy or in combination with antidiabetic drugs like metformin or thiazolidinedione for glycemic control in patients affected by type-2 diabetes.

Important Note: Antihyperglycemic treatment should always be taken in consultation with a physician or specialized diabetologist.

Happy New Year

2009-12-31T04:19:00.000-08:00

May God Decorate Every Golden Ray of the Sun Reaching You With Health, Wealth, Success and Prosperity for You in the Year "2010".

Wish you a "Very Happy and Memorable New Year".

Tips to fight Malabsorption Syndrome

2009-12-24T04:33:00.000-08:00

Normally our body has the ability to digest the food we eat and absorb the nutrients form it. Over 9 meters long alimentary canal helps to accomplish the function of digestion and absorption. Malabsorption syndrome could be defined as the inability of our body to absorb essential nutrients from the food. Malabsorption syndrome can affect any person irrespective of age and gender. It may lead to a variety of deficiencies like that of vitamins, minerals, proteins, fatty acids and other nutrients. The associated cause may be digestive or dietary deficiency. The factors that contribute to cause the malabsorption syndrome may be adoption of dieting schedules for reducing weight, habitual & excessive intake of alcohol, food allergies, a diet deficient in B-vitamins and diseases of the digestive organs like pancreas and liver. Intestinal malfunction caused due to excessive use of antibiotics and/or laxatives can also lead to malabsorption syndrome.

Symptoms of Malabsorption Syndrome:

Fatigue and weight loss. However, some obese persons may also have malabsorption syndrome.
Recurrent diarrhoea and constipation.
Persistent abdominal discomfort with gas and bloating.
Unpredictable appetite.
Treatment of above cited conditions with a variety of medicine further complicate the problem.

Some complications of Malabsorption Syndrome:

Anemia and thinning & falling of hair.
Muscular cramps.
Psychological & behavioral changes.
Menstrual problems in female patients.

Tips to fight Malabsorption Syndrome:

Adopt dietary discipline in terms of quality, quantity and timings of intake.
Avoid fried and starchy foods.
Avoid excessive intake of alcohol.
Avoid too cold or too hot and preserved foodstuffs.
Avoid over medication with antibiotics.
Take spicy curd or buttermilk as it supports the intestinal flora and stimulates the secretion of digestive juices.
Seasonal and fresh fruits should be taken in between the regular meals.
Take medicines and food supplements as advised by your physician.

Diabetes and Pregnancy

2009-11-16T06:32:00.000-08:00

Pregnancy brings a sea change in the metabolism in pregnant women. Your bodyhas to produce extra insulin to meet the requirements of your body during pregnancy, especially from 4^th month onwards. Hormonal changes during pregnancy may interfere with the insulin function and if your body can't cope with the situation, you may develop gestational diabetes. Women with family history of diabetes mellitus, older mothers and obese women are at the risk of developing gestation diabetes mellitus (GDM). The diabetes mellitus in pregnancy could be classified as pre-gestational or gestation diabetes mellitus. One out of fourteen cases of pregnancy may develop GDM in second or third trimester of pregnancy due to effect of placental hormones. Ideally, all pregnant women should be tested to rule out gestation diabetes. The routine examination of urine for sugar, on every visit to the gynaecologist could give an indication about onset of gestation diabetes and need for further investigations and medication. If elevated level of blood sugar is observed on random blood sugar (RBS)investigation, one should go for glucose tolerance test (GTT). Diabetic mothers need extra care to prevent spontaneous abortion and malformations in infants. Babies born to diabetic women, who were diabetic before they became pregnant, would have a greater risk of health problems, if diabetes was poorly controlled. Babies grow bigger in diabetic expectants due to extra sugar crossing the placenta and may make labour and delivery more difficult. Periodic screening, dietary control and proper medication are must to avoid GDM associated complications in expectant mothers and babies born.

Age-Related Vision Loss: Preventive Tips

2009-11-16T06:18:00.000-08:00

Human eye is the first imaging system, the retina of which is embedded with tone sensitive and color sensitive receptors. There are around 120 million rods and 6 million cones in the retina of each eye. There are separate sets of sensitive cones for the tree primary colors and are termed as red, blue or green receptors. These receptors supply information to our brain about shape, size and color tone of the images. The central part of the retina of our eyes is called mecula that helps us to see the finer details. With ageing comes the age-related vision loss. Eyes are very delicate organ of our body and with the advancing age need extra care and dietary supplements to offset the age-related degeneration. Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD) is a disease of our eyes that causes progressive degeneration of macula. There are two common types of ARMD: 1) Atrophic or dry ARMD causes the thinning of the mecula and affects the majority of patients, 2) Exudative or wet ARMD may be hemorrhagic and is caused by the development of abnormal blood vessels beneath the epithelial layer of retina. These blood vessels may bleed and cause scarring and loss of central vision in old age. Dry ARMD causes gradual vision loss and the risk can be lowered/prevented through regular eye check-up after the age of 55 years. The early detection of ARMD is the key to save our eyes from age-related vision loss. Treatment of both types of ARMD is available in the Eye Departments/Centers of major hospitals worldwide. The risk of developing ARMD could be lowered by regular intake of Vitamin C, E, beta-carotene and zinc supplements.

Oral Cancer: Preventive Tips

2009-11-16T06:09:00.000-08:00

Thermal, chemical or mechanical trauma on the inner-sides of our cheeks or in the oral mouth) cavity may lead to pre-cancerous lesions in our mouth. Any smoky appearance of the inner-side of cheeks needs a check-up by a dentist or general health physician. Majority of lesions of the oral cavity caused by any type of trauma cited above are reversible if the lifestyle is modified. Very hot beverages like coffee/tea and hot curries are the cause of thermal trauma. Smoke and nicotine content of cigarettes causes the thermal as well as chemical trauma. Cumulative effect of habitual cigarette smoking may cause pre-cancerous or cancerous lesions in the oral cavity. Mechanical pressure on the outer-side of any of our cheeks may lead to injury inside. Chewing of pan-masala and green chilies also causes chemical trauma. To avoid/lower the risk of oral cancer do the followings:

Avoid takings very hot coffee/tea or other foodstuffs.

Avoid tasting chemicals and industrial solvents.

Use mild amount of chilies in your food.

Avoid smoking.

Avoid using ill-fitting dentures.

Avoid chewing tobacco, pan-masala or green chilies.

Chew and blow the bubble gum if you can as it rejuvenates the oral epithelium.

Exercise your cheeks by pushing these out by holding air in your mouth at least 10 times daily.

Eat curd or yogurt with your meals once or twice daily

Consult your dentist or family physician if you have any suspicious lesion in your mouth.

Morphometry and Image Analysis

2009-10-31T19:58:00.000-07:00

Visual analysis of microscopic images of cells and tissues has been in practice since long for achieving a diagnosis of pathological lesions. The pattern recognition may vary from person to person in subjective analysis. However, many definable quantitative parameters like diameter of cells & nuclei, circularity of cells, width or length of tissue components, area or diameters of certain special structures like glomeruli etc may be well analyzed through image analysis. Image is the basis of any kind of interpretation and diagnosis in anatomic pathology. Stereology and histometry had been in practice for >150 years. Stereology is based on the theorem forwarded by French Geologist Delesse in 1847. He demonstrated that the area properties of a mineral component in a rock as seen in a random cut surface, is equal to its volume proportion. Delesse principle was further propagated in histology by Weibel & Elias (1967). The term histometry refers to measurement of tissue components while morphometry has a wider meaning in the context of biology as it refers to measurement of size of cells, organisms, nuclei, subcellular components, area and volume fractions of tissue components. Stereology is the quantitative study of the three-dimensional properties of an object from the two-dimensional images using geometrical formulae and procedures. Volumetric parameters could be achieved from the images of accurately cut and well-stained microtome sections.

Older methods were based on the manual measurements on accurately enlarged micrographs and computation with respect to magnification, but the introduction of digital technology and availability of image analysis software(s) have revolutionized the morphometry at the light microscopic as well as electron microscopic (ultrastructural) level. Grey scale or multicolored microscopic images can be captured, archived and analyzed at convenience with utmost accuracy and precision. Image analysis can be divided into two broad categories; (1) morphometry related to spatial measurements and (2) cytometry/densitometry/fluorometry related to intensity measurements. The observer needs thorough knowledge of the peripheral settings, calibrations, utility tools, image analysis protocols, parameter's settings and data management. Inter and intra-observer variations could only be kept under check with perfect training in image analysis and specimen preparation. Though till date, applications of image analysis in routine diagnostic pathology are not considered seriously, but the quantitative parameters may be important for prognosis and or understanding the progression of pathological disorders by determination of nuclear irregularity and DNA content of tumor cells, quantitation of antigen expression, measurement of glomerular parameters and interstitial fibrosis in kidney biopsies and so on. Morphometry and image analysis is a valuable research tool in quantitative and analytical histology and cytology.

Image Analysis Laboratory Setup:

There is massive development in the field of image analysis in the last two decades. This is due to significant computational capability for data accumulation and storage. The other factor is rapid development of knowledge based systems for data analysis and diagnostic decision making. Presently there is widespread use of image analysis (IA) in pathology both in clinical and research areas. Reduction of cost of hardware, software and image capture devices is encouraging to setup image analysis systems and popularize this tool. An image analysis laboratory needs a work station comprised of a best quality binocular microscope equipped with high resolution digital camera and a P-IV computer with windows operating system and loaded with image analysis software.

Areas of Application of Image Analysis:

The principle areas of application of image analysis are: 1) Morphometric assessment: such as linear distance, area and perimeter and circularity measurements, object counting, size and shape etc., 2) Chromatin pattern recognition, 3) DNA quantification and ploidy estimation, 4) Quantification of immunocytochemistry, 5) Measurement of fractal dimension, 6) Cell to cell relation assessment, 7) Diagnostic decision making and 10) Chromosomal analysis.

Image Analysis Protocol:

The procedure adapted to process the specimens and to prepare the histological sections or smears should be same for all the specimens. Thickness of sections for morphometry and image analysis for evaluation of immunohistochemistry or DNA should always be kept constant.
Switch-on the system and verify the peripheral settings and calibration parameters.
Focus your slide and search the area of interest and acquire/grab the image.
Proceed for the interactive or density detection as per your requirement.
Record displayed results or save the data.

Comparison of Data from Different Centers:

Information technology has revolutionized the data management and analysis through ‘world wide web’ services and artificial intelligence. There are many knowledge-based expert systems available for data interpretation. Artificial neural network (ANN) is one of the efficient and popular expert systems for data interpretation. This is designed on the basis of the human brain. ANN has three layers 1) an input layer 2) single or multiple hidden layers and 3) an output layer. Input layer receives signal from external stimuli. The information is processed and finally results come through the output layer. ANN learns by example rather than the specific programming logic at the backend of the customized software, for a classification procedure.

How Can We Retard The Ageing Process?

2009-09-30T06:34:00.000-07:00

Human existence is a divine phenomenon ! Every individual is genetically programmed for birth, growth, ageing, disease and death. The mystery about ageing has been persisting since the time immemorial. Spiritualists, scientists and philosophers are all intrigued to the phenomenon of ageing to find the answers to how and whys of ageing. If we think of four stages of life as: morning , noon, evening and night; the old age could be demarcated as evening of life. In the terms of modern medicine and physiology, the ageing could be termed as an evolution of organs and senses of an individual. In fact the old age and its visible characteristics are symbols of experience and maturity of an individual. Stop worrying about ageing or old age and welcome each day as a beginning of new life. One should have very strong quest for happiness to over come the undue stress and worries. Our mind is always busy and affects our thoughts, feelings and attitude. Be creative and positive in thoughts and actions to immortalize your existence. Human body is a well organized system and its metabolic and vital functions like respiration, cardiac beat, control and maintenance of temperature and various chemical constituents (including enzymes and hormones) are taken care automatically. Various stress factors influence our vital functions and metabolism as well as ageing process due to use and overuse of organs. We can't avoid ageing but can definitely retard it to some extent by busting stress, modifying our lifestyle, eating well-balanced nutritious food and regular exercise. Positive thinking, laughter and entertainment are essential for revitalizing our mind and body. Health and fitness could only be achieved through self discipline. Wish you healthy and youthful living !

Creatine Kinase MB Isoenzyme and Myocardial Infarction

2009-08-27T09:43:00.000-07:00

The proximity of patient, clinician and analyst improves the consultational opportunity for the care of patients suffering from myocardial infarctions. Very early diagnosis of myocardial infarction could be ascertained by bedside measurement of creatine kinase. The simplicity of the test procedure and the immediate availability of results make a significant contribution to the clinical diagnosis. There are many commercial kits for the bedside determination/measurement of creatine kinase (CK) and its MB coenzyme (CK-MB). Upto 40% of the creatine kinase activity of the heart muscle is CK-MB, and no other tissue contains high proportion. Marked increase in the plasma CK activity may only result in heart or skeletal muscle disease, but the plasma CK-MB increase is generally associated with heart muscle damage. The M-subunit of isoenzyme could be a derivative of MM isoenzyme of skeletal muscles or heart muscles and B-subunit could be a derivative of MB or BB forms of isoenzyme. It is well established that following myocardial infarction it may take several hours for CK and CK-MB activity to become normal. A sample of the patient should be analyzed on admission and two further samples should be obtained and analyzed at 6 and 12 hours. Smaller increases can be seen in dermatomyositis and progressive muscular atrophy but normal results are obtained in conditions such as poliomyelitis as the muscular abnormality is secondary to nerve lesions in this disease.

The test procedure uses dry-chemistry reagent slides for analytical measurement. The reagent preparation or blood sample preparation is not required. The color change is measured on a microprocessor-controlled instrument. The CK and CK-MB can be measured separately using specially prepared slides. For measuring CK activity (derivative of B-subunit of isoenzyme) M-subunit is neutralized by antibodies against M-subunit. Adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) is formed by the action of CK on creatine phosphate and adenosine di-phosphate (ADP). Alpha-glycerophosphate is formed in the presence of glycerol and glycerol kinase. Further by the action of a-glycerophosphate oxidase, hydrogen peroxide is produced from the a-glycerophosphate. Hydrogen peroxide reacts with the peroxidase and oxidizes the colored dye, which is measured spectrophotometrically. Patients admitted within 12 hours of onset of severe chest pain, show elevated levels of CK-MB activity with 98% accuracy as compared to normal or non-infarction control subjects. As there is none or very little activity of CK in red blood cells (RBCs), so RBCs or hemolysis of blood sample does not interfere with the determination of CK-MB. The determination of CK-MB activity has been considered more sensitive investigation than aspartate transaminase or lactate dehydrogenase in myocardial infarction.

Who is God?

2009-08-25T05:26:00.000-07:00

Different people had/have divergent views for and against the God. Modern people understand the modern words whereas the words of religious books and scriptures are beyond the understanding of many. There are certain things which have no physical shape or size but could be experienced, felt or appreciated like - cold, hot, beautiful, ugly, entertaining, painful, joyful
etc. The God is a cosmic energy without any definite size or shape and could be experienced though various techniques of meditation or self realization.

Human mind is like the pulse of a microprocessor of a computer and is powered by bioenergy attained through breathing. Inhalation and exhalation create positive and negative waves in our body and regulate various metabolic processes essential for life, emotions and desires. Ordinary human beings are overpowered by desires and run after Godmen for blessings for the fulfillment of their desires but fail to understand that the God is omnipresent and all pervading. The God is like the fragrance of a flower. The God is a positive energy and could be generated within through positive thinking and self realization. The God does not need any special prayer or sacrifice. Just trust your existence, love thyself and do good to others for attaining a positive aura. The truthfulness and kindness are two major attributes of the God and 'His' existence can be experienced through the attainment of these qualities.

Signs and Symptoms of Thyroid Disorders

2009-07-22T07:29:00.000-07:00

Cretinism

Thyroid gland is associated with the general metabolism of all body tissues. Suboptimal activity of thyroid gland at birth leads to hypo-secretion of thyroid hormones and causes cretinism impairing the mental and physical growth of an infant or child. The child grows up a mentally retarded dwarf, unless diagnosed and treated with thyroid extract. The cretin child has a stunted body with broad face and wide nostrils. The mouth and tongue of a cretin child are so big that the mouth may not be closed properly. The affected child could have protuberant abdomen with an umbilical hernia. The child is very sluggish and cannot be taught to walk, talk and personal hygiene tips.

Hypothyroidism

Patients affected by under function of thyroid gland or hypothyroidism, develop generalized oedema called myxoedema (swelling of body). In myxoedema metabolic processes slow down with a tendency to gain weight. There is slowness of mind and speech and one feels lethargic. The skin becomes thickened and dry. The body temperature is subnormal, pulse slow and hair may fall or get thin. Treatment of hypothyroidism needs thyroid hormone as oral drugs. Pro-thyroid drugs used for treatment of hypothyroidism, increase the metabolic rate with a subsequent increase in catabolism. Self-medication of hypothyroidism is not advisable.

Hyperthyroidism

Enlargement of thyroid gland with increased secretion is termed as hyperthyroidism. In hyperthyroidism the metabolic rate is increased and the body temperature may be higher than the normal with very fast pulse rate. The patient loses weight and is nervous and excitable. The cardiac output is generally increased and cardio-vascular complications like fibrillation may develop if hyperthyroidism is not treated effectively and timely. However, enlarged thyroid gland could be associated with non-toxic or toxic goitre. Goitrous gland may have normal function or under function (hypothyroidism) or over function (hyperthyroidism). The exophthalmic goitre is known as Graves's disease and in this disease the eyeballs protrude. The effect is due to over activity of thyroid hormone and may not completely be reversed with treatment. The hyperthyroidism is treatable with anti-thyroid drugs but self-medication is not advisable as it could be harmful if other ailments like diabetes, cardiac problem or coagulopathies exist. Sometimes surgical removal of thyroid gland is also advised for the treatment of hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis or the thyroid gland is bombarded with x-ray like radiations from radioactive iodine accumulated in the gland after it had administered to the patient.

Thyroid Gland and its Functions

2009-07-22T07:12:00.000-07:00

Thyroid Gland and its Secretions

Thyroid is an endocrine gland situated in the front of neck. It consists of two lobes, lying one on each side of the trachea just below the larynx. Both the lobes are joined by narrow band of thyroid tissue called isthmus of thyroid. The gland receives very rich supply of blood and consists of a large number of vesicles formed by secreting cells grouped around the small cavities called alveoli. The thyroid alveoli contain very thick colloid or gummy substance, composed of thyroxine hormone, which is rich in iodine content. Secreting cells of the vesicles contain an internal secretion known as thyroglobulin which is broken down to thyroxine and released in the alveoli of thyroid. The thyroid gland governs the general metabolism of all body tissues. The triiodothyronine (T3) hormone is also present in the colloid of thyroid gland and blood plasma. The triiodothyronine (T3) has been found to be more active than thyroxine. Thyroxine is an iodine derivative of thyronine. Thyroxine has four iodine atoms in its molecule and could also be called T4 hormone. The function of thyroid is regulated by thyrotrophic hormone of the anterior lobe of pituitary gland. Normally thyroid is not palpable but may get enlarged where there is deficiency of iodine in water supply. Enlarged thyroid could be associated with non-toxic or toxic goitre. Goitrous gland may have normal function or under function (hypothyroidism) or over function (hyperthyroidism). Suboptimal activity of thyroid gland at birth leads to hypo-secretion of thyroid hormones and causes cretinism. Cretinism is a disorder of thyroid in which mental and physical growth are retarded.

Functions of Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland controls the body metabolism in terms of temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, cardiac output, appetite, body weight, emotions, nervous temperament and intelligence. Though it looks strange to put the emotions, nervous temperament and intelligence under the metabolic functions but it is true that the metabolic changes influence all these. Thyroid gland and its iodine containing hormones play a vital role in metabolic processes of our body essential for good health.

Garlic as Herbal Antibiotic and Home Remedy

2009-06-30T06:43:00.000-07:00

Garlic is one of the best sources of natural medicinal compounds, daily used by many as home remedy for a number of ailments. The botanical name of garlic is Allium sativa and it is a rich source of germanium, a mineral thought to strengthen the immune system. The health benefits of raw garlic are numerous, as are its uses. Use of garlic may play a big role in your overall health. It can protect you from digestive and allergic disorders, and provide prophylaxis against a wide range of infections and infestations. Garlic probably is nature's most potent immune system booster. Its aphrodisiac properties enhance the vitality and libido. Experimental studies have demonstrated that garlic has bactericidal action on over two-dozen bacteria. Though the modern physicians have bypassed the use of herbal antibiotics due to easy availability and reliability of pharmaceutical antibiotics, but the herbal antibiotics have least side effects.

The history of civilization stands testimony to the medicinal properties and use of garlic in a variety of ailments including atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, digestive disorders like dyspepsia and gastritis, stroke, cerebral aging, asthma, cough and cataract. The garlic's power as health promoter probably comes from germanium and rich variety of sulphur containing compounds, mainly allicin-an amino acid. It is a natural cholesterol buster also. Modern physicians have also appreciated its use in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and hyperlipidemia. Some benefits of regular use of garlic are listed below:

Garlic boosts the immune system and bone marrow.

It provides prophylaxis against bacterial and viral infections.

It helps lowering the blood pressure as it relaxes the smooth muscles and reduces the viscosity of blood.

It helps to prevent and treat the cancer of digestive system.

It is helpful in the management of hyperlipidemia as its regular intake lowers the LDL-cholesterol.

Its regular intake can help to prevent atherosclerotic plaques in arteries.

Regular consumption of raw or cooked garlic improves brain function and memory.

Important Tips:

Chewing raw garlic should be avoided as it may cause very strong burning sensation on your tongue.

Paste of raw garlic should be taken with curd, buttermilk (lassi), lemon water or hot curries.

Paste of raw garlic and green coriander leaves with lemon juice with salt and pepper to taste is the best recipe to be taken with major meals.

Curries and snacks cooked with garlic paste are equally beneficial.

Daily intake of raw garlic in any recipe should not be more than 2 gram.

Arthritis is Curable irrespective of Causes

2009-06-24T07:03:00.000-07:00

There is nothing to panic with a diagnosis of arthritis. If diagnosed in first two years, arthritis can be treated completely and one can lead a perfectly normal life. However, dietary restrictions are must for those suffering from gouty arthritis. There are a variety of forms of arthritis and it can affect anybody at any age. There are two major forms of arthritis: (1)Inflammatory: Which causes inflammation of joints and may effect any person at any age. Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, lupus arthritis and gouty arthritis fall in this category.(2) Non-inflammatory: Age related degenerative changes causing stiffening of joints are termed as non-inflammatory arthritis. Osteoarthritis falls under this category. Most of the inflammatory forms of arthritis, especially rheumatoid, psoriatic and gouty arthritis are becoming increasingly common in the age group of 20 to 45. Gouty arthritis is caused by increased level of uric acid in blood, is more common in men than women. Regular intake of alcohol, red meat and high protein diet could be the cause of high incidence of gouty arthritis in young men than women. In women, gouty arthritis could be diagnosed during
postmenopausal age.

Symptoms of Arthritis: Swelling with stiffness, pain and redness of joints could be associated with arthritis. In the beginning ankles, wrists or small joints of fingers could be involved. Lupus arthritis represents with fever, skin rash, skin lesions and hair loss, and is more common among women. Skin lesions are also associated with psoriatic arthritis.

Important Note: Accurate diagnosis is a key to the management and cure of arthritis. Disease itself may have more adverse effects on our health than the drugs. Patients should continue the treatment without caring for the side effects of drugs if the treatment is effective and one feels normal.

Waterchestnuts as Home Remedy

2009-06-24T06:57:00.000-07:00

The lotus fruits or waterchestnuts are known as singharas in India. You may find these in plenty with vegetable vendors in the months of May and June. They are geometrically shaped and have green to purple red color. The Asians are very fond of singharas or waterchestnuts as these are a good substitute for potatoes. Seasonal availability of these makes their use limited. These could be eaten raw or boiled as salad. They are rich source of starch and iodine and have aphrodisiac properties. Ayurveda had explored their medicinal properties centuries ago. Intake of fresh or dry waterchestnuts boosts the immune system and helps to cure sore throat and tonsillitis, and is a good home remedy for these ailments. Singhara flour prepared from dry waterchestnuts could be used as blending agent in cooking and its preparations improve the vitality and chances of conception.

Salads may cause Neurocysticercosis

2009-06-23T05:58:00.000-07:00

It is well known that infestation with tapeworm in pork-eaters may cause neurocysticercosis when the infection reaches the brain through the blood. In India majority of vegetarians or salad-eaters and non pork-eaters have also been showing the disease. Neurocysticercosis have been found to be more prevalent in salad-eater children as compared to adults. Vegetables like cabbage, carrot, beat and radish, eaten raw could lead to cysticercosis. Farm workers should be educated to wash the vegetables in clean water before marketing or consuming. Contaminated water used for irrigation and washing the vegetable before marketing is the major cause of increasing incidence of neurocysticercosis in the rural and urban population in developing countries. Vegetarians and those who do not eat pork are equally at risk due to their salad eating habit. There is a need to develop healthy eating habit and to avoid eating salads prepared at restaurants and fast food outlets as majority of them avoid properly washing the vegetables during preparation of salads. Be conscious about hygiene.

Symptoms of neurocysticercosis are: Intense headache and seizures if the tapeworm travels to the brain. After the eggs are hatched in the intestine, the worms travel through blood stream to different organs like, brain, heart, eyes and even the spinal chord. In muscles, cysts cause nodules under the skin. Cysts in eyes can impair vision and the lesions caused by tapeworm in heart may lead to cardiac arrhythmias or heart failure.

Fat Bursting Tips

2009-06-23T05:47:00.000-07:00

Causes of Fatness:

Fat is an essential component of our body. Medical professionals and nutritionists are trying hard to explore the facts behind the accumulation of fat and possible ways of bursting it. However, fatty persons may be healthier and fit than the lean people of the same height and age. Fatness and fitness are two distinct attributes of general health profile. The cause of fatness may be genetic, metabolic, lifestyle associated or viral infection. The body weight, size, circumference of thigh sand waist could be recorded to evaluate the degree of fatness and to monitor the effect of a slimming regimen. Studies conducted on animals and humans suggest a strong genetic association to obesity. Fatso gene has been documented in some strains of mice. There could be many fat genes in human beings. Excessive craving for food leads to metabolic slowdown and promotes accumulation of fat in the body. Some people keep on eating frequently since 6 am to 10 pm. Some people may have more fat cells. Animal studies have brought to light that persistent infection of adenoviruses may cause obesity. Antibodies to adenovirus-36 have also been demonstrated in the blood of obese patients.

Fat Bursting Tips:

The vast volume of literature available suggests that one could be fat and fit. The weight and size does not matter in defining health. More than 30% of obese people mostly have normal blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol and other health parameters. However, one may follow the following fat bursting tips depending on the degree of fatness or to avoid fatness:

Healthy Eating: Drink 250-500 ml of warm water in the morning; lemon water may be more beneficial. Low fat and low carbohydrate diet would be beneficial. Whole grains are recommended as source of low-carbohydrate and high fibre diet. Saturated fats should be avoided. Pulses, fruits and vegetables should form the major part of your diet.

Avoid Oxidants: Preserved food stuffs contain an extra amount of oxidants and free radicals. Free radicals and oxidants also promote obesity in addition to aging. Antioxidants have anti-aging and anti-obesity properties. Seasonal fruits and vegetables are rich source of antioxidants, so intake of fruits and vegetables would be beneficial for body shaping.

Avoid Craving for Cookies: The normal food does not lead to addiction, however, just a thought of delicious dishes and drinks may activate the brain cells to produce dopamine, the hormone linked to pleasure and motivation. Obese people should avoid craving for such foods otherwise they may have to consume extra than the normal to get the desired level of pleasure and satisfaction.

Pro-anorexia Drugs: Use of drugs to reduce appetite is the new way to tame cravings for food. For instance, vigabatrin has been studied as treatment for controlling drug addiction, do help to reduce weight. Another drug, tesofensine also regulates appetite and metabolism. Warning: Pro-anorexia drugs should not be taken without medical advice as these may have serious side effects.

Exercise: Regular exercise and/or brisk walking for 15-20 minutes daily in addition to customized food and eating schedule is the key to fitness.

How can we prevent Diabetes?

2009-05-26T07:30:00.000-07:00

High blood glucose level may also be detected in non-diabetics after major meals. In most of us, even when our blood glucose level skyrockets after a carbohydrate rich meal, our body tames it down in 2-3 hours. Only in diabetics, blood glucose levels persist quite high for most of the time. It is possible to prevent diabetes for ever if we plan the calorie content of our diet. Low glycemic-index (GI) meals with low carbohydrate content should be preferred as compared to fast acting high-GI carbohydrates. Green leafy vegetable, citrus fruits, soybeans, kidney beans, green peas, pistachio, peanuts and walnuts are some low-GI food stuffs you can include in your diet. The bread and chapaties made from wholegrain flour do have low-GI. Fruits and vegetable are also packed with vitamins, minerals and fibre. Fruits and vegetables are beneficial to keep the blood glucose levels within the limits of renal threshold. Protein rich meals have low-GI, help to curb hunger and prevent diabetes. Vegetarians may include legumes, nuts, peanut butter and milk to their diet whereas non-vegetarians may take lean meat, fish and poultry products. Acidic foods have been known to tame blood glucose level. Salad and pickles seasoned with vinegar should be taken with major meals for sustainable metabolism with respect to blood glucose level and prevention of diabetes.

All Diabetics are not Alike!

2009-05-21T07:57:00.000-07:00

All diabetics are not alike, so never take medicines for diabetes on the advice of fellow patients. The term diabetes means inordinate and persistent excretion of excessive volume of urine. Diabetes is a disease of carbohydrate metabolism with a variety of causes. Pancreas is directly associated with carbohydrate metabolism and biobalance of blood sugar (glucose) level. All carbohydrates (starches, polysaccharides, disaccharides and monosaccharides) are converted into glucose in our stomach and small intestine, absorbed in blood and taken to liver for storage in liver cells as glycogen for future use. Glycogen is also stored into muscle cells and utilized for muscle function. Insulin produced by the beta-cells in the pancreas helps in the penetration of glucose into liver and muscle cells and further storage as glycogen. Glucagon produced by alpha-cells of the pancreas regulates the conversion of glycogen in glucose through glycogenolysis, when ever glucose level in the blood falls below normal.

Defective metabolism of carbohydrates may lead to alimentary diabetes. The term diabetes insipidus pertains to a condition characterized by excessive intake of water with excessive urination but without any glycosuria (excretion of glucose in urine). Diabetes insipidus due to congenital failure of renal tubules to respond to anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) is termed as diabetes insipidus nephrogenic. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a condition characterized by an elevated level of sugar (glucose) in blood and urine. Diabetes mellitus may affect both younger (juvenile diabetes) and older people (maturity onset diabetes). Subclinical diabetes refers to a condition where glucose tolerance test is abnormal but clinical signs of diabetes like polyuria (excessive urination with increased frequency of micturition), hunger, thirst and weight loss are absent. Obesity may be associated with diabetes but all obese people could never be diabetics. Fat metabolism is also impaired in diabetes which may lead to hypercholesterolemia and hypertension (high blood pressure) in diabetics. There is a strict need of controlling hypertension and hypercholesterolemia with customized diet, regular exercise and sometimes with medicines. It is advisable never to copy your fellow patient's treatment. Diabetes need your round the clock commitment and if taken care it would reduce your risk of serious complications like renal disease.

Important Tip: Never copy your fellow patient's treatment.

Management of Asthma

2009-05-14T01:34:00.000-07:00

The asthma means bronchospasm and for its effective management we need bronchospasm relaxants. There are a variety of preparations containing sympathomimetics in the form of aerosols, inhalations, tablets and syrups capable of producing bronchodilations by stimulating b₂-adrenergic receptors in the bronchial smooth muscle. The choice and mode of treatment depends on the age of patient and severity of asthmatic conditions. Inhalations and aerosols may not be convenient mode of treatment in infants and children. Salbutamol and terbutaline are relatively selective drugs for b₂-adrenergic receptors. These produce optimal bronchodilations at lower concentration than those required to stimulate b₁-adrenergic cardiostimulatory receptors. Respiratory stimulants like doxapram and nikethamide are of no value and may be harmful in cases of asthma. As per the experience of a close friend of mine, sympathomimetics like salbutamol and terbutaline produce immediate relief in reversible bronchospasm associated with asthma and allergic bronchitis. Excessive and long term use of these drugs may cause cardiac arrhythmias.

Xanthine derivative drugs such as aminophylline, theophylline and etophylline are known to produce smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation by inhibiting the enzyme phosphodiesterase which leads to an increase in the intracellular levels of cAMP. Xanthine derivatives also produce diuresis (increase in the urinary output) and cardiopulmonary stimulation. Corticosteroids as aerosol inhalation help to reduce the mucosal edema, hypersecretion of mucous and bronchial hypersensitivity. Corticosteroids act by preventing the release of phospholipids from cell membranes in the lungs and their anti-inflammatory action helps to underplay the mediators of inflammation. Oral corticosteroid therapy should be reserved for acute exacerbations and chronic cases but after the radiological evaluation of lungs and investigations of sputum for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tubercle bacilli or TB) and other bacterial or fungal infections. Asthmatic patients should avoid total dependence on aerosols or inhalations and should ask their physicians to prescribe them oral drugs also for emergency use. A combination of salbutamol and aminophylline or theophylline as tablets or syrup is a reliable form of treatment for asthma advisable under the guidance of a medical practitioner only.

Chemistry of Asthma and Allergy

2009-04-22T07:50:00.000-07:00

The allergy and asthma are very serious immunologic disorders. Everyone of us has been blessed with immune system to fight infections and respond to vaccines for acquiring active immunity. Allergens too are immunogenic but elicit hypersensitive response which could cause a local or systemic reaction like asthma. It has been learnt through animal experiments that the animals sensitized (immunized) with egg albumin react very dramatically on subsequent challenge with egg albumin. In my experience the animals have shown the symptoms of generalized anaphylaxis, respiratory distress and 50% of them died probably due to asphyxia as an intense constriction of bronchioles and bronchi was observed due to the contraction of smooth muscles. Similar reactions also occur in human subjects due a variety of conditions/causes. An injection of penicillin or an insect bite may trigger anaphylaxis in sensitive individuals. Only a timely intravenous injection of adrenaline may help in countering the smooth muscle contraction.

Mediators of Anaphylaxis or Allergic Reaction:

It was resolved by Sir Henry Dale that histamine mimics the systemic changes of anaphylaxis. Experimental studies in guinea-pigs had demonstrated that serum from sensitized animals could passively sensitize normal animals of the same species. Sir Henry Dale had demonstrated that the uterus of sensitized guinea-pig released histamine and contracted on exposure to antigen. The cells that release the mediators of anaphylaxis are the mast cells (in tissues) and basophils (in blood). The mast cells in sensitive subjects are coated by hemocytotropic antibodies of IgE class (reagins) and on interaction with the specific allergen or antigen stimulate the mast cell degranulation and release of mediators of anaphylaxis. In addition to histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) is also released in some species. The contraction of smooth muscles is associated with the explosive degranulation of mast cells. Other mediators released are: slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A; capable of inducing prolonged contraction of certain smooth muscles), platelet activating factor (PAF), heparin and chemotactic factor for both the neutrophils and eosinophils (types of white blood cells).

Anti-anaphylaxis substances produced by Eosinophils:

The mediators of anaphylaxis released by mast cells are countered by certain substances produced by eosinophils like: histamine produced by mast cells is neutralized by histaminase, eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF-A) is countered by aryl sulfatase and SRS-A is neutralized by phospholipase produced by eosinophils in an effort of the body to control the reaction. Systemic allergic reaction as well as percutaneous anaphylaxis leads to changes in cyclic nucleotide levels. A fall in cyclic AMP (c-AMP) and a rise in cyclic GMP (c-GMP) level, favors degranulation of mast cells, whereas high concentration of c-AMP stabilize the mast cell granules. All the anti-allergic drugs either neutralize histamine or activate c-AMP to stabilize mast cells or bind to b-2 receptors on smooth muscles to counter the smooth muscle contraction.

Benefits of Breastfeeding

2009-04-13T22:28:00.000-07:00

The new generation mothers should always be encouraged to breast feed their babies since the breastfeeding benefits the babies in many ways. Just after the birth, the baby's immune system is naive and for first few months of life the baby is dependent on the prophylaxis provided by the homologous maternal antibodies acquired through placental circulation. It is worth to mention here that there are 5 types of immunoglobulins in our blood but only the immunoglobulin-G (IgG) can pass through the placenta and reach the circulation of the baby in the womb. While the lymphoid system of the baby is developing in the first few months, it could get additional protection from the colostrum and the breast milk if adequately fed on the breast milk. The colostrum is the yellowish fluid discharged form the breasts during the first 2-3 days after the delivery and is very rich in immunoglobulin-A (IgA) content. The IgA present in the colostrum and other secretions is always in the dimer form stabilized by a secretory component and is inert to proteolytic action of digestive enzymes in the stomach and intestine. The IgA rich colostrum sucked in by the baby protects its oral and gastric mucosa from infectious agents and the amount of IgA reaching the small intestine is absorbed and transferred to the blood circulation. The IgA is synthesized locally in the breasts by plasma cells and dimerized together with a cystine rich polypeptide called J-chain. The breast milk is a very rich source of proteins, carbohydrates, calcium, minerals and hormones essential for the growth and development of the baby. No other food supplement or cattle milk could replace the human breast milk. Various studies have established that breastfeeding protects babies from respiratory problems in early life and may leave babies with stronger lungs well into the later life. The sheer physical effort involved in the suction of breast milk by the baby could be rewarding in many ways for acquiring stronger lungs, bones, immunity and health.

Tips to Prevent Lifestyle Diseases

2009-03-27T05:15:00.000-07:00

Working couples in the metropolises and cities have very tough life. Employed women have been found to be under great pressure for running the family and business or official responsibilities. Lifestyle diseases like obesity, malnutrition, depression, hypertension, chronic backache and diabetes are affecting males and females equally. There is a need to focus our attention on preventive health care. Lack of exercise, poor nutrition, exposure to sunlight and pollutants are the main causes of obesity, malnutrition, hypertension and skin diseases. Excessive intake of alcohol, drug abuse, drug addiction, and internet addiction are also associated with the lifestyle diseases. Over indulgence or interest in internet may lead to internet addiction disorder(IAD), the most modern lifestyle disease. Ignorance about health care may have multiple implications on our health, behavior and attitude. Casual medication and poor compliance of medical advice add to the gravity of lifestyle diseases. Working couples in general and employed women in particular need to be health conscious to be healthy and more productive. They must have a time table with sufficient time for exercise, entertainment and grooming their health and beauty.

Brisk walking for 15 minutes daily may show promising results in obese, diabetics and hypertensive people as it improves blood circulation, removes lactic acid and uric acid, frees-up tight joints, balances the yang and yin energies, relaxes the muscles, tones-up the body and removes blockages from the blood vessels. Brisk walking is also beneficial for maintaining good health and preventing lifestyle diseases. Following tips should be beneficial for you to overcome a majority of lifestyle diseases:

Make a time table for daily activities with sufficient time for exercise and entertainment.

Do brisk walking daily for 15 minutes or 10,000 steps or 2-3 kilometers.

Respect and support your spouse or partner.

Avoid fried food stuffs.

Avoid foods with preservatives and coloring agents.

Never skip a meal for efficiency and productivity.

Avoid junk food.

Follow medical advice if you have some health problem in addition to life style disorder.

Periodic medical checkup.

Use proper seat and sit in a right posture at home and at workplace to avoid postural disorders like cervical sprain and backache.

Psoriasis: A Non-contagious Skin Disease

2009-03-24T07:13:00.000-07:00

Psoriasis is an inflammatory but non-contagious skin disease. It represents erythematous reddish in color) scaly plaques. The extent of the spread of the plaques may be limited (about 5% of body surface) or widespread (40 to 50% of the body surface). The course of psoriasis has been found to be chronic and associated with remission and relapses. Psoriasis is characterized by hyperproliferation of epidermal keratinocytes. There could be abnormal differentiation of keratinocytes. The worldwide prevalence is around 3%. The racial, geographical and environmental factors do influence the prevalence of psoriasis. Male and female adults of lower, middle or higher age groups are equally affected by psoriasis. Genetic and environmental factors equally contribute to the etiopathogenesis of this disease. However, exact etiology is not known. Classical lesions start as erythematous papules, which gradually enlarge and merge together to form scaly plaques. Factors like trauma, bacterial infections, intake of drugs like antimalarials, lithium and beta blockers could aggravate the lesions. Other aggravating factors include the sunlight, hypocalcaemia (low level of calcium in the blood), alcohol and smoking. Complications apart from the disease and treatment include: itching, skin infection, eczematization, arthritis and nephritis in very chronic and poorly treated cases. The treatment of psoriasis depends on the age, sex and general health of the patient. The management of patients affected by psoriasis has to be individualized depending on the lifestyle and affordability of the treatment. The disease is effectively curable with topical application of various lotions along with anti-inflammatory drugs and to some extent with peritoneal dialysis or hemo-dialysis. Patients are advised to consult a dermatologist for further advice and treatment.

Asthma during Pregnancy

2009-03-20T09:33:00.000-07:00

Pregnancy does not have a uniform effect on the symptoms of asthma. There could be pregnancy associated asthma or an asthmatic lady may represent aggravation of asthma symptoms during pregnancy. Asthma is probably the most common chronic illness that severely affects around 8% of pregnant women. Pregnancy alters the respiratory and cardiovascular physiology and these alterations may lead to severity of asthma. Proper control of asthma in pregnant women could significantly reduce the complications of perinatal period. The underlying mechanisms responsible for the altered state of asthma due to pregnancy are unknown. Poorly controlled asthma during pregnancy may lead to perinatal mortality and complicate labour. Prevalence of low birth weight of babies and preterm births in asthmatic women as compared to non-asthmatic women have also been documented.

Worsening of asthma during pregnancy may be due to large number of contributing factor. There could be exposure to allergens, infections of the upper respiratory tract, gastroesophageal reflux, non compliance or poor compliance of medication or unwanted use of drugs. Patients with severe asthma prior to conception and patients whose asthma has worsened during previous pregnancies could be labeled as high risk patients. Acute asthma episodes during pregnancy may significantly decrease fetal oxygenation and need medical intervention. However, the management and treatment of asthma are the same in pregnant women as in non-pregnant women and men. Following guideline need special considerations during pregnancy to prevent asthma exacerbations during pregnancy:

Avoid intentional exposure to known allergens like pollens, dust, animal furs, feathers and certain food stuffs.

Strict medical consultations are needed throughout the pregnancy for optimal control of
asthma.

Delay in the diagnosis and treatment of should be avoided.

Smoking cessation is a must.

Other health problems like rhinitis, gastric reflux and any infection of upper respiratory tract should be treated effectively.

Pulmonary function (assessment or expiratory air flow with Spirometer) should be assessed at least once in a month.

Periodic antenatal fetal surveillance should be got done by a specialist.

Sixth and Seventh Sense

2009-03-13T06:55:00.000-07:00

Generally everyone have five senses. Sixth sense means common sense; however, the seventh sense is nonsense. The common sense is more important and is an excellent capability. It is the snap ability of a person to understand the cause and effect relationship through his/her super-cautious analytical mind. Every manager should have a good sixth sense or common sense in addition to his/her ability and skills of planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, communicating and motivating.

Treatment of Malaria

2009-03-13T06:46:00.000-07:00

The malaria is an intracellular protozoan infection, endemic in tropical and subtropical countries. Large number of drugs are being used worldwide for the treatment of malaria. Four species of the protozoal parasite Plasmodium cause all infections in human beings and these are: Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium falciparum. The effectiveness of the antimalarial drugs may differ with the species and stage of parasite and the parasite load in the liver and blood circulation. The parasites are inoculated into the human host by blood sucking female anopheline mosquitoes. The sporozoites from the infected mosquito reach the liver and develop into tissue schizonts. These tissue schizonts then rupture, form free merozoites and invade erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs) and develop as erythrocytic schizonts and lead to rupture of RBCs. There are different groups of antimalarial drugs for the stages of malarial parasites in the liver and erythrocytes.

Chloroquine (4-aminoquinoline) has been used extensively for the treatment and prevention of malaria. It has considerable efficacy for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale infections, however, widespread resistance has been seen against Plasmodium falciparum infection. Effective suppressive prophylaxis has been documented with chloroquine, mefloquine, proguanil and doxycycline as these are schizonticidal drugs. Proguanil and primaquine are best known for causal prophylaxis as these drugs effectively kill the hepatic stages of the parasite. Quinine, chloroquine, primaquine and artemisnins are established gametocidal drugs also. Sulfonamides (sulfadoxine and dapsone) and aminoalcohols (halofantrine and lumefantrine) are also used in the treatment of malaria but are more toxic drugs. The drug toxicity may lead to acute hemolytic anemia in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)deficiency. Consult your physician for the diagnosis and treatment of malaria.

What causes Malaria ?

2009-03-09T05:28:00.000-07:00

The malaria is a protozoan infection endemic in tropical and subtropical countries. Four species of the protozoal parasite Plasmodium cause all infections in human beings and these are: Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium falciparum. The malaria remains the most devastating infection worldwide with around 500 million clinical cases every year.

The symptoms of malaria may be non specific like: high grade fever, lack of sense of well being, headache, muscle aches, fatigue and sometimes chest pain also. The clinical presentation of malaria depends on the species of the parasite, parasite load in the blood circulation, patient's immune status and presence of other diseases. The classical malarial symptoms are fever spikes with chills and rigors at regular intervals. Enlargement of spleen is very common among otherwise healthy individuals in the endemic areas. In untreated cases of malaria, mild jaundice and slight enlargement of liver are also common. The enlargement of spleen and liver may be more pronounced in infants and children. Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe disease and may lead to cerebral malaria, hypoglycemia (low level glucose in blood), lactic acidosis, pulmonary edema swelling of lungs) and impairment of kidney function.

Medicinal use of Gooseberry: Indian Scenario

2009-03-09T05:18:00.000-07:00

The health promoting and curative properties of Indian gooseberry or fruit of Emblica officinalis were known to the Indians since the Vedic era. Its trees are found in all the forests of the Indian subcontinent and south-east Asia. The height of trees of Indian gooseberry or amla is about 30 to 40 feet and these are evergreen trees. There are about 15 varieties of gooseberry in India. The spherical fruit of gooseberry have a diameter of 3 - 4 cm and the color could be yellowish green or light reddish green. The trees of some varieties start bearing fruit at the age of 6 to 8 years. The yield of fruit per tree could be around 150 kg. Around 2 million hectare land is under the cultivation of Emblica officinalis in India. There are a number of nutrients and medicinal chemicals present the juice or pulp of gooseberries. It is very rich source of ascorbic acid or vitamin-C, folic acid, iron and minerals, even in the dry form. Its pulp is the main component of chaywanprash. Around 10,000 tons of Indian gooseberry or amla are processed by various pharmaceutical companies in India alone to manufacture drugs and health foods containing gooseberry pulp or dry powder. Chaywanprash has been known to improve immunity and digestion and being marketed as natural revitalizer or health food for all age groups. Half a spoon of dry powder of amla or gooseberries if taken with warm water after major meals could permanently cure constipation and piles. It has great anti-inflammatory properties and regular intake of 3 to 6 gram of dry amla powder could treat joint pains and improve eyesight.

Medicinal Properties of Indian Gooseberry

2009-03-05T06:27:00.000-08:00

Indian gooseberry or amla has a variety of medicinal properties. Its botanical name is Emblica officinalis. In the Ayurvedic literature Indian gooseberry had been documented as panacea. It is very rich source of vitamin-C even in the dry form. In addition to vitamin-C, Indian gooseberry also contains vitamin-B, calcium, phosphorus, carotene and iron. Intake of fresh gooseberry or powder of the dry gooseberry is equally beneficial in liver disorders, hypercholesterolemia (elevated level of cholesterol in blood) and diabetes. It improves digestion, immunity and also checks premature greying of hair. Millions of tons of Indian gooseberry fruit are processed every year for medicinal uses. Its pulp is the main content of chaywanprash and amritprash. Its jam and juice are in the top line of health promoting foods and natural revitalizers. Dry powder of amla should be taken with water only. Regular intake of half a spoon of dry powder of Indian gooseberry could supply us daily dose of vitamin-C, iron and phosphorus. People with peptic ulcer should avoid using dry powder of Indian gooseberry. The Indian System of Medicine had always admired medicinal properties of Indian gooseberry and propagated its use as natural revitalizer.

Medicinal Properties of Raisins

2009-02-28T01:13:00.000-08:00

Dry grapes are known as raisins. Like fresh grapes these are rich source of calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, iron, natural sugars and gum. Calcium is an essential mineral of our bones and teeth. The structural strength of our skeletal system is the contribution of calcium. As a coagulation factor, calcium helps our body in checking any bleeding disorder. Phosphorus is also an essential mineral of bones, nerve tonic and buffering chemical of blood plasma and various body fluids. Calcium, magnesium and potassium take part in cellular metabolism and functions. Potassium plays a vital role in the cardiac, renal and muscle physiology. Iron is an essential component of hemoglobin and hence the red blood cells (RBCs), and also essential for the formation of blood. Consumption of 20 to 25g of raisins daily could supply us all these nutritious components. Raisins also possess anti-inflammatory properties and are useful as an expectorant for cough. Beneficial effects of raisins have also been documented in the treatment of acidity and jaundice.

Statins as New Generation Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

2009-02-28T00:58:00.000-08:00

Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are considered to be more safe drugs for inflammatory diseases since these have minimum side effects. Statins are normally meant for patients with high cholesterol levels to reduce the risk of stroke and heart attack. Current studies by researchers have found that statins could be beneficial for people with normal cholesterol levels. The drug rosuvastatin has been found to reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke to around 45% in a systematic clinical study by a team of researcher in the United Kingdom. In people with inflammatory diseases like joint pains or rheumatoid arthritis, showing elevated levels of Carbohydrate Reactive Protein (CRP) in blood/serum, it has been observed that administration of 20mg of rosuvastatin daily could scale down the level of CRP and inflammatory symptoms. Consult your physician if you feel like using statins for satisfactory relief from an inflammatory disease without much side effects.

Rheumatic Fever and Complications

2009-02-26T07:17:00.000-08:00

Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease. Group-A Streptococcal infection of the throat or pharyngitis may lead to acute rheumatic fever. Central nervous system, skin, joints and the heart are predominantly affected by rheumatic fever. Young children in the age group of 5 to 15 years are usually affected by acute rheumatic fever. The incidence rate is about 3% in the patients with acute Streptococcal pharyngitis and the latent period is about 2 to 3 weeks. There is a need for throat swab culture to find out the type of bacterial infection in cases of acute pharyngitis or tonsillitis. A positive throat swab culture for group-A Streptococcal infection is considered as the direct evidence of throat infection. Antibiotics are the choice of drug to eradicate group-A Streptococci. The antibiotics could be given even if the throat swab is negative for Streptococci since the organisms may be present in the areas inaccessible to the swabs. The patient may have moderate to high grade fever with skin rash or arthralgia. Inappropriately treated cases may develop endocarditis, polyarthritis, chorea or subcutaneous nodules. There may be transient or persistent rise in 'erythrocyte sedimentation rate' (ESR). The test for acute phase protein called carbohydrate reactive protein (CRP) is also found to be positive in addition to elevated levels of 'Anti-Streptolysine-O' (ASO) antibodies. The patient needs specialized consultation and adequate treatment to avoid serious complications.

Silence Is a Sound !

2009-02-16T05:03:00.000-08:00

The statement "silence is a sound" may look strange but cold be understood well in the light of the facts cited below. The sound is associated with the faculty of hearing under our sensory system and is produced due to vibrations of molecules in the atmosphere. These vibrations are known as waves and a wave always has a definite frequency, wavelength and amplitude. Our brain is embedded with the necessary neurons capable of intercepting and analyzing the sound waves received through the ears. The sensation of hearing is interpreted by our brain as a pleasant or unpleasant sound or the music or a noise. The irregular sound waves produce noise whereas the regular and rhythmic waves produce the music. The sound waves travel at a speed of 375 yards per second in still air at 60^oC. The levels of the sound or voice are expressed in decibels (db). The decibel is a unit of sound pressure levels. Our ordinary conversation has a sound level of 60 to 70 db. The level of sound generated by heavy traffic is around 90 db and that of a jet engine could be around 150 db.

The higher is the amplitude of the sound wave the higher would be the decibel level. The sub-audible sound has very low amplitude. The ultrasound could be called an inaudible sound current or silence. The silence is beyond the sensitivity of our hearing apparatus or ears, hence inaudible. One could experience the silence as a sound through deeper incite into ones brain with eyes closed. The alpha state of our mind is the state when our mind is empowered to intercept the silence. The silence is subtle, serene and blissful.

Internet Addiction Disorder: A Lifestyle Disorder

2009-02-14T01:13:00.000-08:00

We have been living through an era of information technology. The World Wide Web is an open source of a variety of information in every field of the science and technology. Sitting in any corner of the world we may stay connected to our near and dear ones through the voice and video chat on the internet. Too much involvement, dependence and attachment transform our habit as addiction. Those who stay glued to the internet for more than 6 hours without any professional compulsion could be called internet addicts. The internet addiction disorder (IAD) could be called a lifestyle disorder of the modern age. Everything is under the control of our intellect. Let not allow your habit become an addiction. You may be affected by IAD if you feel disturbed and angry for not being getting connected to internet and you pass your time surfing internet without any professional compulsion. Five major activities which could lead us to internet addiction have been listed below:

On line gaming.

Excessive involvement in internet surfing or exploration for needful information in the initial stage and becoming a habit for unnecessary exploration later.

Shopping on line and extended sessions of chatting.

Too much general surfing on internet.

A taste for net pornography.

Just minimize the time for above said activities to save yourself from the grip of internet addiction disorder. Those who feel being affected by the IAD should seek medical advice and change their lifestyle and dependence on internet. To overcome the internet addiction disorder one should get involved into a variety of activities like reading books and periodicals, site seeing, exercising, cooking, watching creative channels on television etc.

Four Ways of Reducing Radiation Exposure

2009-01-26T00:00:00.000-08:00

The health of radiation professionals needs to be protected from over exposure to radiations. The four most effective ways of reducing exposure to radiation have been elaborated below:

1) Radiation protection shielding

When a sheet of absorbing material is placed between a radiation source and a detector, the radiation arriving at the detector decreases to an extent depending on the energy of the radiation and the nature and the thickness of the shield. For gamma rays (g-rays) lead is generally installed because for a given weight it absorbs more radiations than any other readily available shielding material. Its effectiveness for a particular radiation is usually indicated by the half value layer (HVL). The half value layer (HVL) is the thickness of the lead sheet capable of reducing the radiation to one half (50%) of the original. A second half value layer (HVL) will reduce the remaining half to half (i.e. 25%). A third half value layer (HVL) would
reduce the radiation to half of 25% (i.e. 12.5%) or exactly the ¹/₈th of the original and a fourth half value layer (HVL) would further reduce the radiation to ¹/₁₆th of the original. The thicknesses of HVL for some important radioisotopes used in medical field have been given below:

Radioisotope	HVL in cm Lead
Cesium-137	0.5
Chromium-51	0.2
Cobalt-58	0.7
Cobalt-60	1.2
Gold-198	0.3
Iodine-130	0.2
Iodine-131	0.3
Iodine132	1.0
Irridium-192	0.3
Iron-59	1.1
Potassium-42	1.2
Sodium-22	1.0
Strontium-90	1.2

2) Time

The exposure time is directly proportional to the time spent at a place of radiation. The necessary time for any procedure ought to be estimated well in advance, allowing a good safety margin. The equipments used in radiation applications should be simple to minimize the time of operation with a view to reduce the exposure time. But any necessary handling precaution should not be omitted to save time.

3) Distance-Inverse Square Law

The ionization radiation travels like the light and as we go away from a point source, the amount of radiation reaching a given area would decrease. The decrease would be proportional to the square of distance in centimeters. For example: A point at 40 cm from the source would receive ¹/₄th (25%) of the radiation reaching at a point at 20 cm from the source. As ^20x20/_40x40 = ¹/₄.

4) The Gamma Factor for Gamma Emitters

The dose rate at 1 cm from the point source of each gamma emitter radioisotope has been determined and with reference to this the dose rates are worked out in terms of roentgens(r). The roentgen (r) is that amount of radiation which delivers a dose of one rad. A roentgen (r) is unit based on ionization in air and rad is a unit of energy absorption, but both have corresponding amount of energy. For example: the gamma factor of Iodine-131 (¹³¹I) is 2.18, of Gold-198 is 2.35 and that of Sodium-24 is 18.4 which means that 1 milliCurie (mCi) of these radioisotopes would have a dose rate of 2.18 , 2.35 and 18.4 roentgens or rad respectively at 1 centimeter from point source. Now, if 200 mCi of Iodine-131 (¹³¹I) is placed on a table in the laboratory, its dose rate at 1 centimeter distance would be 200x2.18 entgens and at 40 cm distance it would be ^200x2.18/_40x40= 0.273 roentgens/hour or 273 milliroentgen/hour (by Distance-inverse square law). A dose rate of 15 milliroentgen/hour is considered safe at 40 cm from the point source. So to attenuate the radiation we need to place a shield of lead around the Iodine-131 (¹³¹I) container. The attenuation factor for Iodine-131 (¹³¹I) could be calculates as ¹⁵/₂₇₃=¹/18 of its value; which means we need a little more than 4 half value layers of lead shield. Four half value layers for Iodine-131 (¹³¹I) would be 4x0.3=1.2 centimeter thick lead shield.

Side Effects of Radiotherapy or Overexposure to Radiation

2009-01-25T21:53:00.000-08:00

The x-rays and radiation from the radioisotopes play a great role in diagnostic procedures and therapy, but the exposure exceeding certain limits do have side effects on our body as elaborated below:

Skin Reaction: The maximum permissible dose (MPD) for the skin is 100 rads. When a limited area of the skin receives a dose of a few times of MPD within a few days, that may result in the production of erythema and the reaction may stay for a week. A dose of about 1000 rads may cause tanning of skin and hair fall. A dose in the range of 2000 rads to 3000 rads may cause permanent tanning of skin and hair loss. There is possibility of atrophy of sweat glands and serious ulcers.

Radiation Sickness: Even a single exposure of 50 rads or more to the trunk or entire body may cause malaise, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, collectively called radiation sickness. Some people may not be affected at this dose, however effect may be severe at a whole body exposure at 200 rads.

Effects on Blood: A single exposure of 25 to 30 rads to the whole body or to the major bones/bone marrow may result in mid to moderate leucopenia (low count of white blood cells in blood), but recovery is there. A dose of 200 to 500 rads to the spinal marrow may cause leukemia in some cases. Keep in mind that the radiations have accumulated effect.

Production of Cataract: Excessive exposure of eyes to radiations with an accumulated dose of 100 to 200 rads could impair our vision and cause cataract.

Production of Sterility: Even a shorter time exposure to the radiations around 500 rads to the genital organs may cause permanent sterility in either sex. A long term exposure to lesser dose of radiations may also lead to secondary infertility in either sex.

Exposure during Pregnancy: Although there are a number of cases receiving radiotherapy for pelvic cancer during pregnancy and delivering normal babies, but a pregnant woman receiving a very large dose of radiation in order of 1000 rads within a few weeks may have a miscarriage or still birth. The possible effect on the fetus may vary with the period of gestation. Congenital abnormalities may affect the babies so pregnancy should be avoided during radiotherapy of pelvic cancer.

Genetic Hazards: Irradiation of ovaries or testicles may lead to mutations in genes and affect reproduction. Greater is the exposure, the greater are the chances of genetic abnormalities.

Safe Handling of Radioisotopes

2009-01-21T07:13:00.000-08:00

General health precautions while handling the radioisotopes or radiochemicals are must for all professionals associated with radioisotopes or radiochemicals. Regardless of the quantity of radioisotope or radiochemical, strict precautions and personal cleanliness awareness are indispensable. Some important tips in this regard are listed below:

Laboratory coat should be worn to protect the clothing.

Rubber or plastic gloves should be worn.

All handling of radioisotopes or radiochemicals should be done on the surfaces lined by absorbent material.

Dispensing of radiochemicals should be done over stainless steel, aluminium or plastic trays to contain any spillage.

Eating and smoking should be avoided in a hot laboratory (the laboratory where radioisotopes are used is called hot laboratory).

At the end of each procedure, the person responsible should cleanup his/her work space, dispose off any contaminated material in a suitable fashion.

If a spill occurs, that should be dealt with immediately and brought to the notice of Radiation Safety Officer.

The hot laboratory should be monitored periodically for unknown radiation from accidental spillage of radiochemicals.

Personal Monitoring of Radiation Professionals

2009-01-21T07:05:00.000-08:00

All persons associated with commercial, diagnostic or therapeutic use of radioisotopes or radiochemicals, x-rays or other sources of radiation could be labeled as radiation professionals or radiation workers. Excessive exposure to radiation beyond the maximum permissible dose (MPD) for a person of a particular age may lead to serious healthy problems. The maximum permissible dose [MPD=(N-18)x5=?Rads; where N stands for the age in years] to the whole body, at any age is equal to 5 times of the number of years beyond 18 years. The MPD in consecutive three months should not exceed 3 rads. The accumulated MPD is also the MPD for the head and the trunk of a person associated with the handling and use of radiochemicals or radioisotopes or operating radiation equipments.

The dose received by any individual is ascertained by various types of monitoring procedures. The most commonly used are film badges and small ionization chambers. The film badges and small ionization chambers are supplied and monitored by many commercial firms.

Film Badges:

The film badge is a small packet of photographic film which is sensitive to radiation; or it may be containing two pieces of photographic films of different sensitivities. A part of these films is covered by one or more metal filters to resist the beta radiation and the other part is open to the beta radiation exposure. For x-rays a different type of film and filter is employed in the film badge. The film badge is worn by the person while handling the radiochemicals or operating radiation equipments. The darkening of the film of the film badge is related to the radiation dose received by a worker. Under the open window it gives the effect of beta radiation and under the filter the effect of gamma radiation or high energy x-rays.

Small Ionization Chambers:

The ionization chambers used for the personal monitoring are small instruments about the size and shape of a fountain pen. These are also called "pocket dosimeters". Before putting to use these are charged with electric pulse from a special charger. The charging transfers the electrical charge to the insulated wire inside the pocket dosimeter. The principle of the functioning of an ionization chamber or pocket dosimeter is that on exposure to the radiation the charge on the insulated wire inside it would decrease.

Brain Tumor and Treatment with Gamma Knife

2009-01-21T07:02:00.000-08:00

Gamma rays (g-rays) are like high energy x-rays and can be focused with electromagnetic lenses like electron beam. Gamma knife is a new development in the field of Biomedical Engineering for the surgical interventions. Gamma knife in any way does not look like your kitchen knife, but it refers to a customized beam of gamma rays (g-rays). The conventional surgical procedures for the removal of a brain tumor may need a lot of expertise and experience for a neurosurgeon. The conventional neurosurgical procedures also need utmost precision while chopping of a brain tumor. The gamma knife has made it possible to retard the growth of a brain tumor through non-invasive procedure. The well focused gamma rays (g-rays) at the pre-investigated tumor site in the brain put a full stop on the metabolic activity of tumor cells. Though the technique is called gamma knife radio surgery; the brain tumor is not removed physically but dried and destroyed in situ. The patient needs not to be anaesthetized for gamma knife radio surgery and imaging. There are very few centers in the world equipped with the gamma knife radio surgery facility for the brain tumors.

Diagnostic and Therapeutic uses of Radioisotopes of Cobalt

2009-01-19T05:03:00.000-08:00

Three radioisotopes of Cobalt used in medical practice are Cobalt-57 (⁵⁷Co), Cobalt-58 (⁵⁸Co), and Cobalt-60 (⁶⁰Co). Cobalt-60 (⁶⁰Co) has a half life of 5.27 years and it emits gamma rays (g-rays). Half life of Cobalt-57 (⁵⁷Co) is 270 days and that of Cobalt-58 (⁵⁸Co) is 71 days only. It is important to note that the radioisotopes with shorter half life are always good for diagnostic use whereas with longer half life are good for radiotherapy or radiation therapy. Cobalt-60 (⁶⁰Co) is a preferred source of radiation for radiotherapy at present; though earlier it was in dual use. Cobalt-57 (⁵⁷Co) and Cobalt-58 (⁵⁸Co) are preferred for diagnostic applications due to shorter half life.

Use of Cobalt-57 and Cobalt-58 in Diagnosis:

The most common use of Cobalt-57 (⁵⁷Co) or Cobalt-58 (⁵⁸Co) is in the diagnosis of pernicious anemia (fetal anemia caused by vitamin B-12 deficiency due to poor absorption of vitamin B-12 by small intestine due to intrinsic factor defect). Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B-12) and hydroxycobalamin labeled with ⁵⁷Co or ⁵⁸Co are commercially available for diagnostic use. The dose is 0.5 microCurie (mCi) to 2 microCurie (mCi). The administration is oral after 24 hours of fasting and the patient is not allowed to eat for 2 hours following the administration of vitamin B-12 labeled with radioisotope. The patient does not need hospitalization for this investigation. The excretion of radioactive is measured in the 24 hour urine specimen of the patient after the administration of radioactive labeled vitamin B12.

Use of Cobalt-60 in Therapy:

The gamma rays (g-rays) emitted by Cobalt-60 (⁶⁰Co) are like high energy x-rays. The radiotherapy or radiation therapy is helpful in some types of cancers. The patients are usually hospitalized for radiotherapy with Cobalt-60 (⁶⁰Co). The exposure time is worked out by the Radiation Physicist. Smaller radiation sources of Cobalt-60 (⁶⁰Co) are called seeds and needles, and are used for intra-cavity and intra-interstitial radiation therapy. The seeds or needles of Cobalt-60 (⁶⁰Co) are removed from the body cavities or interstitial tissue after the optimal time of exposure. The large sources of Cobalt-60 (⁶⁰Co) are used for 'teletherapy' or external radiation like high energy x-rays.

Therapeutic use of Phosphorus-32

2009-01-19T04:58:00.000-08:00

Phosphorus-32 (³²P) is a radioactive isotope of phosphorus with mass number as 32. It has a half life of 14.3 days and emits beta-particles. In the chemical form of Sodium hydrogen phosphate, ³²P is used in the treatment of leukemia (a type of blood cancer) and polycythemia (abnormal high count of erythrocytes in blood due to a variety of causes). It is also used for relief from pain in the patients affected by metastatic cancer of bone and the patient needs not to be hospitalized for such treatment. The doses range from 1 mCi to 10 mCi. In the colloidal form the radioisotope is used in the body cavities in the same manner as Gold-198 (¹⁹⁸Au) and the patient may need hospitalization for such therapy.

Phosphorus-32 (³²P) could also used in the differential diagnosis of tumors of the eye. A dose of 500 microCurie (mCi) to 750 microCurie (mCi) needs to be administered intravenously and after an hour, two hours and 4 hours, the radioactive concentration is measured in the diseased eye and the normal eye. If the tumor is malignant, the involved eye would take up more ³²P. The investigation may be performed on an out patient basis taking all the aseptic precautions by an eye specialist. It is worth to remember that after 10 half lives (143 day) this radioactive would almost exhaust in its content of radioactivity.

Role of Gold-198 in Arresting the Growth of Cancer

2009-01-10T02:22:00.000-08:00

The radioisotope of gold (Gold-198, ¹⁹⁸Au) has a Half Life of 2.7 days and its radiations are beta particles (b-particles) and gamma rays (g-rays). In the form of colloidal suspension ¹⁹⁸Au is used as the cancer therapy. The most common use of ¹⁹⁸Au is in the treatment of ascites (accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity) and pleural effusion due to metastasis of cancer in the serous surface of cavities. Only the medical practitioners associated with nuclear medicine, administer such therapy. The dose for the treatment of pleural effusion is 25 - 75 mCi and for the treatment of ascites, the dose is 50 - 150 mCi. The patient needs to be hospitalized for the first few days during the course of treatment with the radioisotope.

What is the use of Iodine-131 in Medical Practice?

2009-01-03T21:47:00.000-08:00

There are two main uses of Iodine-131 (¹³¹I) in medicine or medical practice.

Diagnostic application in some procedures

Therapy for thyroid disorders or thyroid cancer

The Iodine-131 (¹³¹I) has a radioactive half life of 8.1 days and its radiations are beta particles(b^- particles) and gamma rays (g-rays). This is most widely used radioisotope in the management of hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer and thyroid function related diagnostic procedures. There are half a dozen investigations associates with the thyroid function which involve the oral or intravenous administration of a few microCuries (mCi) of ¹³¹I. Subsequent study of the patient, either by the direct measurement of ¹³¹I deposited in the thyroid gland through measurement of ¹³¹I excreted in the urine of the patient or by assessment of radioactivity in the blood samples drawn at different time intervals after the administration of ¹³¹I. The part of the ¹³¹I retained or excreted depends on the normal, hyperthyroid or hypothyroid conditions. The uptake or excretion of ¹³¹I exhibits a diagnostic parameter. After absorption of ¹³¹I by the thyroid gland the iodine is elaborated into the thyroid hormone which is discharged in the blood. The hyperactive gland produces too much hormone which would be detected in the blood samples taken at 24 to 96 hours after the administration of radioactive iodine (¹³¹I). The measurement of the iodine content is computed from the counts of radioactivity detected in the blood samples. The radioactivity is measured as gamma rays (g-rays) by a Geiger Muller counter or it may be measured as beta particles (b-particles) by a Scintillation counter at a 'Hot Laboratory'.

The therapeutic use of Iodine-131 (¹³¹I) could be culminated through optimal doses of this radioisotope with reference to the thyroid disorder and the age and weight of the patient. There are specialized clinics at the authorized medical centers having facilities for the Nuclear Medicine and associated research.

Units of Radiation Dose and Maximum Permissible Doses

2009-01-03T21:38:00.000-08:00

The radiation energy from the radioisotope is absorbed by the living tissue of the patient subjected to the radiation therapy or radiotherapy. The traditional unit of radiation dose is called Rad and one Rad stand for 100 egrs of radiation energy absorbed per gram of the absorber tissue Therapeutic doses are usually measured in hundreds or thousands of Rads. In diagnostic procedures where it is desirable to keep the dose very low, the unit is millirad (mr). One millirad is the thousandths part of a Rad and only a few hundred millirads are permissible dose.

The radiation protection is an important precaution to avoid over exposure of a patient as well as the radiation worker. The radiation protection unit is called dose equivalent and its traditional unit is REM (Rad equivalent man).

REM = Rad Equivalent Man

REM = Rad x Relative Badge Effect

REM = Rad x RBE

RBE depends upon the type of the radiation energy. RBE for x-rays, g-rays and b-particles is an energy up to 3 MeV (3 MeV = 1 Rad). RBE for positrons, neutrons and a-particles is 10 rem (REM). It is evident that positrons, neutrons and a-particles exert lesser side effects as compared to x-rays, g-rays and b-particles. The S.I. unit of radiation protection is Seivert(Sv).

1 Sv = 100 Rem

1 Sv = 1000 milliSeivert (mSv) = 100 Rem

10 mSv = 1 Rem

Maximum permissible dose (MPD) or maximum limit of per year exposure to radioactivity could be computed separately for the patients (general public) and radiation workers. As a rule anybody below the age of 18 years is never permitted to become a radiation worker. The permissible dose can be worked out by the following formula:

D = 5 (N-18); Here D=Dose in Rem, N= Age in years.

A radiation worker who joins the duty after acquiring the age of 18 years could have maximum exposure of 5 x (20-18) = 5 x 2 = 10 Rem only up till the completion of 20 years of age or 5 Rem per year exposure. General public or a patient could be exposed to radiation energy at a MPD of one tenth (¹/₁₀) of the dose for a radiation worker and that comes out to be 0.5 Rem per year (⁵/₁₀ Rem per year). Hands and feet could be exposed at a higher dose if desired but not more than 75 Rem/year or 40 Rem/3 months. Thyroid, Bone and skin could be exposed at 40 Rem/year and other organs at 15 Rem/year. The fetus should not be exposed to a radiation dose of more than 0.5 Rem.

Happy New Year - 2009

2008-12-30T08:21:00.000-08:00

Let us pray for the Peace, Happiness and Prosperity throughout the World. Let God decorate every ray of the sun reaching you with the fragrance of success and prosperity for you.
Keep smiling and rocking in 2K9.
Wish you a “Very Happy New Year”
Dr. Rayat

Physical Properties Of Some Radioisotopes Used In Medical Field

2008-12-29T04:56:00.000-08:00

There are about two dozen radioisotopes finding their use in medical diagnosis and treatment. Here is a list of physical properties of these radioactive isotopes. The list could be beneficial for the students of radiation science.

Physical Properties of some Radioisotopes

The radioisotopes available as mixed with stable isotope from the same element and are called carrier radioisotopes and those available as free from any stable isotope are called carrier free radioisotopes. The carrier free radioactive chemical may contain many milliCuries (mCi) of radiation energy in a few milligrams (mg) of chemical. The radioactive iodine (¹³¹I) used in the treatment of hyperthyriodism (hyperactivity of thyroid gland) and evaluation of thyroid function should be carrier free or nearly so.

Penetration Power Of Radiation Energies

2008-12-26T04:46:00.000-08:00

The penetration power of the radiation energy is related to the type of radiation. The radioactive chemicals emit radiation in the form of particles or rays and the penetration power of these particles or rays in the tissues of our body varies due to variation in the energy of these particles or rays. The alpha (α) particles can not penetrate more than a few micrometers in our body tissue, and are of little practical importance in medicine. The beta negative (β^-) and beta positive (β⁺) particles have penetrating power varying from 100 to 500 micrometers (mm) as in case of radiations of Carbon-14 (¹⁴C) and Sulphur-35 (³⁵S) to over a centimeter (cm) as in case of Yttrium-90 (⁹⁰Y) radioisotope. The beta negative (β^-) particles from Gold-198 (¹⁹⁸Au), Gold-199 (¹⁹⁹Au) and Iodine (Iodine-125, 130, 131, 132 etc) have a penetration power in tissues ranging from 1 to 3 millimeters (mm). The gamma rays (g-rays) are like x-rays and are usually very penetrating. The energy range of gamma rays (g-rays) is almost equal to that from 40 kilovolt (KV) to 3 megavolt (MV) x-ray machines. Negative beta (b^-) particles may or may not have accompanying gamma rays (g-rays). The gamma rays (g-rays) emitted by a particular radioisotope would always have the same penetrating power or energy. The positrons or positive beta (b⁺) particles in addition to possible gamma rays (g-rays) are always accompanied by 50 KV x-rays.

Quantity of radioactive material is always expressed in terms of radioactive disintegrations per second. The major unit of expression of radioactivity represents 37 billion (37 x10⁹) disintegrations per second and is called Curie (Ci). One thousandth (¹/₁₀₀₀) part of a Curie is called milliCurie (mCi) and one thousandth (¹/₁₀₀₀) part of a milliCurie is called microCurie (mCi). Brief description of these units is as below:

Curie (Ci): 37x10⁹ disintegrations per second

milliCurie (mCi): 37x10⁶ disintegrations per second

microCurie (mCi): 37x10³ disintegrations per second

There are quite many radioisotopes used in medical practice as a therapy and also in medical diagnostic procedures. The quantities of radioactive materials used in therapy are in milliCuries (mCi) and those used in diagnostic procedures is in microCuries (mCi).

What Is Radioactive Decay Or Half Life Of A Radioisotope

2008-12-23T06:41:00.000-08:00

Radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes of an element are always in the process of nuclear disintegration in order to acquire the stable form. The major unit of radioactivity is Curie (Ci) which means 37x10⁹ disintegrations per second. One thousandth (¹/₁₀₀₀) part of a Curie is called milliCurie (mCi) and one thousandth (¹/₁₀₀₀) part of a milliCurie is called microCurie (mCi). Other units of the radioactivity will be discussed in some other article. The radioactive chemical is being expressed in terms of radioactivity it possessed at the time (0 hour) of evaluation and labeling. Every radioisotope undergoes decay or nuclear disintegration at a uniform rate and the time after which it loses the half of its activity is called its Half Life.

Radioactivity is linked to per unit mass or volume of radioactive chemical. The radioactive Half Life could be a few hours, days or many years. For example ²⁴Na has a Half Life of 15 hours,¹²⁵I has a Half Live of 60 days,⁶⁰Co has a Half Live of 5.2 years and ¹⁴C has a Half Live of 5730 years. If 1gram of a radioactive chemical has 2Ci radioactivity at 0-hour, it would be reduced to 50% (1Ci) after the completion of 1st Half Life, 25% after completion of 2nd Half Life, 12.5% after the completion of 3rd Half Life and 6.25% after the completion of 4th Half Life and goes on reducing to 50% on the completion of successive Half Lives as depicted below, through the Radioactivity Decay Graph.

However the mass or volume of the radioisotope would not under go any change with the reduction in radioactivity due to passage of time and completion of successive Half Lives one after the other. Preparation of Radioactivity Decay Graph is must for the radioisotope users to workout the radioactivity at a particular time or date with respect to the Half Life of a radioisotope.

What Is Meant By Radioactive Disintegration

2008-12-20T05:02:00.000-08:00

Radioactive disintegration is a process of nuclear disintegration of a radioisotope in its effort to achieve a stable nucleus. We know that in the naturally available radioactive elements there are only two kinds of particles which could be ejected from its atoms:

The alpha (a) particle, which is really the nucleus of a Helium atom (⁴He) and carries away 4 mass particle and 2 atomic particles.

_ZX^A - ₂a⁴ = _Z-2X^A

Here X represents chemical symbol, Z is atomic number and A is mass number.
The other particle which could be ejected is beta (b) particle, which is an electron. It does not however, comes from an orbit, but from a neutron, which under certain circumstances, dissociates into a proton and an electron. The electron is not tolerated in the nucleus and is ejected immediately, but an extra positive charge (neutron replaced by a proton) is left in the nucleus. The new atom now has the same mass but the atomic number one higher than the old or previously possessed by it.

_ZX^A - _-1b⁰ = _Z+1X^A

Uranium, Thorium and Radium are the best known naturally occuring radioactive elements. In 1934 it was documented that it was possible to create isotopes and radioisotopes by bombarding the stable elements with high energy subatomic particles. Except Hydrogen and Helium more than two isotopes have been created from every element by artificial manipulations. There are 21 isotopes of Iodine ranging from ¹¹⁹I to ¹³⁹I and out of these 20 are radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes except ¹²⁷I.

The artificially created radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes have the same radiations as those of natural ones. Some of them also emit protons or beta⁺ (b⁺) particles.

_ZX^A - ₊₁b⁰ = _Z-1X^A

Radioactive disintegration of radioisotopes results in the emission of only one type of above mentioned particles and radiation like x-rays called gamma (g) rays. The atoms of any particular radioactive element are destined to emit the same kind of radiation till its total disintegration; there is no way to switch on to any other type of radiation.

How The Structure Of Matter Is Associated With Radioactivity

2008-12-20T04:37:00.000-08:00

We know that the matter is made up of elements. The smallest part of any element is its atom. Atoms are composed of a positively charged nucleus containing protons (positively charged subatomic particles) and neutrons (inert particles), and around the nucleus, there are orbital electrons (negatively charged subatomic particles). In 1896 Bacquerel discovered the phenomenon of radioactivity in the atoms of some elements. The mass of an atom is represented by its nucleus that is the sum of protons (positively charged subatomic particles) and neutrons (inert particles) in the nucleus. Each element has been allotted a chemical symbol and its atomic number is fixed. The number of electrons is always equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom and this number stands for the atomic number of an atom. Mass of an electron is ¹/₁₈₀₀ of the mass of a proton on atomic scale. The atoms in some of the elements have natural variation in mass number and that made them unstable or radioactive.

Isotopes: Atoms of a particular element not have to be exactly alike in terms of mass number. In such atoms the things that must be alike are the number of protons (positively charged subatomic particles) in the nucleus or the nuclear charge and the number of orbital electrons (negatively charged subatomic particles). But the number of neutrons (inert particles) may vary and hence atomic mass may vary in a narrow range. Atoms of the same element with same atomic number but with different number of neutrons (inert particles) are called isotopes. A single chemical symbol of an element is not sufficient to represent an isotope. The chemical symbol along with a superscript at the upper left or right, depicting the mass number and lower left depicting the atomic number, represents an isotope; however, it is not necessary to mention atomic number to depict an isotope, as ⁵¹Cr represents an isotope of Chromium. Each element has a unique atomic number but the mass number may vary depending on the number of the isotopes of that element. An element generally has only one stable isotope.

Radioactivity: Majority of the elements found naturally have stable atoms. The atoms of the elements never change unless they are attacked with subatomic particles from outside; however, some of the atoms in some heavy elements are inherently unstable. The unstable atoms are called radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes. The nucleus of the radioactive atom or radioisotope undergoes disintegration with the ejection of tiny particle accompanied by electromagnetic radiation. After disintegration the rest of the material of the nucleus rearranges itself and becomes the nucleus of a different element.

Are We Born Vegetarian Or Non-vegetarian

2008-12-20T04:24:00.000-08:00

The natural features of an animal are considered to define its vegetarian of non-vegetarian instinct. The cattle eat grass, plant leaves and soft branches rich in cellulose. Cellulose is digested by these animals as their digestive system secrete cellulase enzyme required for the breakdown of cellulose. So, cattle are vegetarian in nature as they are capable of digesting cellulose rich food due to the presence of cellulase in their stomach where as cellulose is not produced in our stomach, so, we are not vegetarian. On the contrary the teeth of non-vegetarian animals are pointed and sharp but human beings do not have such teeth, so, we are not non-vegetarian also. If you go through the theory of evolution you would find that man had been evolved out of monkey, so our dietary habits and instinct should be like those of monkeys. Monkeys eat fruits and are fruitarian, so we are also fruitarian like our ancestors.

If we eat only fresh fruits like monkeys, we would be more healthy, active and energetic. Fruits are rich in good quality sugar, the fructose which is quickly metabolized. Fruits are the natural and the richest source of minerals and vitamins. Citrus fruits like orange and lemon are rich source of vitamin-C. Red and yellow fruits and vegetables like papaya, tomatoes and carrots are rich in vitamin-A. Vitamin-B, C, folic acid and minerals are almost in all fruits. Bananas are rich in calcium. Grapes are a natural source of calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, iron, sugar and antioxidants. If you go through the history of mankind, you would find that ancient saints used to live in forests and eat lot of fresh fruits and raw vegetables (salad) instead of cooked food and lived longer than us. Antioxidants present in fruits are known to slow down the ageing process, so it is always beneficial to eat fruits for health and longevity.

Eating fruits is better than drinking fruit juice since the chewing action would add saliva to the fruit pulp in our mouth and initiate digestive process. Eating fruits is good for the health of our gums and teeth since fruits are non sticky. Dry fruits are rich source of good fat and minerals also. Diabetics can eat dry fruits and less sweet fruits like melons and oranges in addition to salad (tomatoes, cucumber, onions, radish and cabbage). Apples and guavas are available through out the year and are rich source of vitamin-C, iron and other minerals. People suffering from chronic constipation should eat fruits and salad before any cooked meal for the beneficial effect of fruits in alleviating the constipation.

What Is The Cause Of Dengue Fever And How Can We Prevent It

2008-12-16T05:10:00.000-08:00

Malaria, Dengue and Chikungunya are post rainy season maladies and are spread by mosquitoes. Dengue fever is caused by a virus called Dengue virus and is transmitted from an infected person to a normal person by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are more active during the morning hours. The Dengue infection could be a serious problem and need hospitalization if platelet count of the blood patient falls below 30000/ml
leading to bleeding in side the body. There may also be a fall in blood pressure of the patient during dengue fever. Chikungunya is also transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Chikungunya is characterized by rash, fever and severe joint pains like dengue fever. However, chikungunya is not as severe as dengue fever. Incubation period between the infected mosquito bites and dengue fever or chikungunya is 10 to 12 days and the course of fever runs for a week generally.

Suspect dengue in case of sudden onset of high grade fever and chills associated with headache and pain in muscles, joints and back. In some cases there could be purplish-red rash on lower limbs and chest. There may also be abdominal pain and diarrhea. The key to accurate and effective treatment is accurate, quick and early diagnosis. If anybody has fever with above cited symptoms, quickly get investigated for dengue. In malaria we look for the direct evidence of malarial parasites in the peripheral blood films but in case of dengue fever, indirect diagnosis is made based on the exploration of anti-dengue antibodies in the patient's blood or serum by ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay) or viral DNA by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). The aforesaid methods need at least one day to make a diagnosis of dengue infection. A technique called Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification Procedure (LAMP) is probably under developmental stage and could be helpful in achieving the diagnosis of dengue within one hour. Use mosquito net at night as well as mosquito repellent vaporizers to save your self from mosquito bites in endemic areas. Wear protective clothing and keep your feet covered while on a morning or evening walk. All mosquito borne diseases could be prevented through coordinated efforts of the public and the vector control organizations through out the world.

Malaria: Prevention Is Better Than Cure

2008-12-11T08:58:00.000-08:00

Malaria could be a serious and life threatening disease if not diagnosed and treated properly. Treatment of malaria had been known to general physicians even before the discovery of causative organism, the Plasmodium, a parasite. The parasite of malaria was discovered by Laveran in 1880 and in 1898, Sir Ronald Ross worked out the mosquito cycle with parasite of birds. There are four known species of malarial parasite causing malaria in human beings. These species are Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium malariae. Infection is caused by bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. The incubation period for P. vivax and P. ovale is around two weeks, for P. falciparum 8-12 days and for P. malariae incubation period is three to four weeks. The surest way of diagnosing malaria is through microscopic examination of peripheral blood film. Anyone having high grade fever (around 104 to 105^o F) and chills should get tested for malaria. Febrile paroxysm (bout of fever) starts generally in the early afternoon however it may start at any time if mixed infection (infection of two or more malarial parasite species). Malarial parasites of animals (P. berghei of rats and mice, P. knowlesi of monkeys etc) do not infect human beings. Each paroxysm shows a succession of three stages:

The cold stage: Lasting 20 minutes to one hour.

The hot stage: Lasting one hour to 4 hours.

The sweating stage: Lasting 2 to 3 hours.

The total duration of the febrile cycle could be from 6 to 10 hours. The febrile cycle may vary with the species of malarial parasite. Malarial parasites are found in all countries extending from 40^osouth to 60^o north. The tropical zone is the endemic home of all malarial parasites infecting man. Prevention: Malaria eradication could only be possible through coordinated efforts of the people and the government agencies involved in the control of mosquitoes since malaria is a serious public health problem in all the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. If you go through the pages of the history of science and malaria, you would find that malaria had taken more human lives than any other disease. To control mosquito breeding always keep storage water tanks covered with mosquito tight lids. Larvae eating fish (gambusia or guppy) should be introduced in stagnant water ponds. Insecticides should be sprayed regularly at home, the work place and drains. Use mosquito nets at night and protective clothing during the day time. Consult your physician and take prophylactic medicine if malaria is endemic. Prevention is always better than cure since it saves our money, time and health.

Astronomy: A Heritage Of The Mankind

2008-12-11T08:48:00.000-08:00

The Astronomy and astrology had remained fascinating and distinct achievements of the mankind form the time immemorial. Ever since the days of Aryabhata, Indian astronomers been remained in the fore front in the world, who could predict the lunar eclipse as well as the solar eclipse with an accuracy of a few hours. The solar eclipse fair at Kurukshetra (Haryana State, India) has been held from the days of Mahabharta with an accurate prediction of the day of the solar eclipse year after year. The United Nations has declared the year 2009 as the International year of Astronomy (IYA 2009) to commemorate the 400^thanniversary of the astronomical use of telescope by Galileo Galilei, the inventor of the telescope. However the history of science for the chance invention of the telescope goes in favor of a Dutch spectacle maker, Hans Lippershey who in 1608, by chance combined a convex and a concave lens and noticed the magnification of the image of an object. Hans Lippershey failed to get his product patented well in time. International Astronomical Union shall be celebrating IAY 2009 throughout the world with its strong team of over 1000 astronomers. There is a great enthusiasm among the astronomers the world over. The event would provide an opportunity to the young astronomers to learn the scientific revelations of the parallel universes. Over 100 nations are probably going to participate in the mega events of the 400^thanniversary of the astronomical use of telescope, the IYA 2009.

Nerve Injuries And Repair Of Nerves

2008-12-08T09:01:00.000-08:00

Nerve injuries are very common in accidental cases and may cause significant morbidity in patients. There are two types of nerves in our body: a) sensory nerves and b) motor nerves. Sensory nerves are associated with the feeling of touch, pressure, hot, cold, taste, vision and smell whereas the motor nerves control the contraction of muscles and mobility of our body parts under the control of our will. Peripheral nerve injuries may lead to lack of muscular control and mobility of our arms, legs, hand or feet. Nerve fibre regeneration and reconstruction is there in clinical practice since the late 19^th Century. Nerve fibre regeneration after focal nerve injury varies with age, site and type of lesion. If the nerve ends could be approximated without any difficulty, end to end repair is possible. End to end repair is routinely practiced procedure for the repair of injured nerves. The situation becomes difficult in case of gap between the ends of the injured nerve. In such cases the options available are nerve graft or end to side repair using an adjoining nerve or nerve conduits.

In case of peripheral nerve injuries restoration of motor functions is considered useful for the patient. There may be needed to sacrifice a sensory nerve for restoring motor function by nerve grafting. Harvesting of sensory nerve for nerve graft to restore a motor function will create a non sensory zone in the patient. In cases of facial nerve reconstruction, the procedure of choice is end to side neurorrhaphy. Neurorrhaphy is a procedure wherein injured nerve is sutured to an intact nerve in its vicinity after transecting the distal segment provided the nerve is close to the neuromuscular junction. There is a great role of cellular and biochemical factors as myelin required for ensheathment of nerves undergoing repair and regeneration is produced by Schwann cells. End to side anastomosis with an adjoining healthy nerve is a new technique coupled with plastic surgery features and inputs. Only an experienced plastic surgeon with expertise in nerve repair surgical procedure or neurorrhaphy could be helpful.

Eat Less And Live Longer Than Expected

2008-12-05T06:17:00.000-08:00

The quality of life is most important aspect of our life. It is a proven fact that if we eat less, we would definitely live longer than expected. The average life expectancy is around 70 years but health fitness and mobility is important to cherish the comforts of life. Human body is like an industrial town capable of processing and synthesizing a number of products for the propagation of life and heath. Each organ in our body has been assigned a particular function required to be performed for maintaining homeostasis. Proper vaccination is the very first important responsibility in life to save ourselves from infectious diseases. If you are adequately immunized only then you could think of the measures for improving your life expectancy.

Regular exercise and diet control minimize load on our organs and this way retard the aging process. The less we eat the less will be the requirement of digestive juices or enzymes for digestion; so our organs would not be exhausting in their respective actions. In this way we conserve the potency of our internal organs which leads to longevity. Brisk walking and cycling could be the best choice for exercise as it does not involve major expenditure and good for all age groups. The strategy of eating less is also known as calorie restriction protocol. Intake of low calorie diet in rats has shown marvelous results it terms of longevity and reduction in susceptibility to diseases like diabetes and cancer and controlling obesity. Optimal nutrition is must for all but calorie restriction protocol advocates the need to eat less, in the range of 25 to 40 percent less than what your body needs daily as per your body mass. As a rough estimate an adult needs 1800 to 2000 calories daily and 25 percent of the same would be 1350 to 1500 calories.

Fresh fruits and vegetables are a rich source of low calorie diet with high fibre content. Fruits and vegetables contain hundreds of known and unknown substances capable of protecting us from cancer and premature aging. Almost all fruits contain vitamin C, an antioxidant and immunopotentiator. Pomegranates are rich in antioxidant and immunopotentiator substances. Antioxidants reduce inflammation and the risk of heart disease. Tomatoes must be included in your daily diet. Tomatoes contain a substance called lycopene which has anti cancer properties. Tomatoes are also a rich source of vitamins A, C and E and potassium. Eat less, sleep well, exercise regularly and care your body to live longer than expected. Health awareness is a key to fitness and longevity.

Look Young And Pretty In Minutes

2008-12-02T06:31:00.000-08:00

There is nothing bad if you want to look younger than your age. In fact all men and women have this feeling of looking younger. Medical science has the answer to fulfill your desire and you will look young and pretty in minutes. Cosmetics are just for artificial beauty and face lift, but sustainable beauty and healthy skin could be achieved with Botox and dermal filler treatment. Facial lines and wrinkles are the most visible signs of aging and it is possible to correct these with Botox and dermal filler treatment. Frown lines above your nose, crow's feet lines at the corners of your eyes and fore head lines now can be treated successfully with Botox. Botox is derived from a microorganism called Clostridium botulinum and comes in an inject-able form. Botox is injected into tiny facial muscles. It is not so painful procedure. Botox relax the facial muscles and gives you the young look. However, the procedure should be done by a trained medical professional. Dermal filler contains hyaluronic acid, a natural substance. Hyaluronic acid is also present in our body and is not a harmful substance. There are other dermal fillers also. The effect of dermal fillers lasts for 9 months to one year. Consult an expert dermatologist for best results and look young for ever.

Treatment Of Acne Scars And Chickenpox Scars

2008-11-29T06:52:00.000-08:00

Acne scars and chickenpox scars sometimes are very pronounced. Chickenpox scars could be more pronounced and ugly as compared to acne scars. Everyone especially the women are striving to look beautiful and younger but the scars sometimes may lead to depressed feelings. There is nothing to worry about since the modern medicine has multiple options to treat chickenpox scars as well as the acne scars. Procedures like microdermabrasion, laser assisted scar revision, chemical peeling and punch elevation are available. A suitable procedure could be carried out after clinical assessment and evaluation of skin type. These procedures are also capable of treating hyperpigmentation of skin characterized by black to brownish black pigmentation. Oily skin and dry skin need a different type of treatment. However, a patch test is must before a chemical peeling treatment to rule out allergy to chemicals. Pre and post treatment care is must for the best results. Consult an expert dermatologist for the best results and get rid of acne scars and chickenpox scars.

Cataract Is An Aging Complication

2008-11-28T00:02:00.000-08:00

Frankly speaking, the cataract (opacity of the lens of an eye) is not a disease but an aging complication of eyes. Cataract may occur in majority of people in older age group. You may call it an invisible sign of aging which impair our vision. However, incidence is more in patients affected by diabetes and hypertension. Industrial works having exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation are probably at risk of developing cataract early in life. Excessive use of eye drops containing steroids could also increase the chances of developing cataract faster. Each of our eyes contains a transparent lens. As the age advances or we cross the age of 50 years, the lens of one or both the eyes may start becoming opaque, impairing our vision as the light may not pass onto the retina of our eye. Blurring of images, difficulty in night driving and double vision are the signs of cataract and anybody with these signs of cataract should consult an eye specialist. Nothing to worry. Cataract is 100 per cent treatable through eye surgery.

Cataract surgery is done under local anesthesia of eye and takes less than 30 minutes. In cataract surgery opaque lens of the eye is removed and an artificial new lens is implanted in the eye. Phacoemulsification is a new and advanced technique of cataract surgery employed in majority of the eye care centers through out the world. Phacoemulsification technique is a stitch less and painless procedure of cataract surgery. Majority of the cases could be operated with anesthetic eye drops and only very old people may need inject-able local anesthesia. In phacoemulsification the opaque lens of the affected eye is emulsified and sucked out through a small hole and the new lens is implanted through the same small hole. Results of phacoemulsification technique of cataract surgery are documented to be excellent even in immature or partially developed cataract. The phacoemulsification surgery is not a costly procedure. Patient may move to his home within 2 hours of surgery. Eye drops medication for one to two weeks with a follow up evaluation and refraction for glasses and your vision is perfect. Take special of your eyes and avoid self medication and injudicious use of eye drops containing steroids.

Food For Health And Fitness

2008-11-18T04:32:00.000-08:00

Health is not mere absence of disease or infirmity but a state of complete physical, mental and social well being. An optimal amount of balanced diet is essential for individuals of all age groups. Environmental factors do influence our dietary requirements. Food is essential to build up the body to make it fit for wear and tear and cope with environmental conditions and infectious agents. Food acts as fuel for the production of heat and energy in our body. Our nutritional requirements include adequate proportions of protein, carbohydrates, fat, water, minerals and vitamins.

Daily requirement of an adult is in the range of 60 to 80 grams of protein, 300 to 400 grams of carbohydrates (starches and sugars), 70 to 100 grams of fat, 3-5 grams of salt and minerals and some milligrams/units of vitamins. Vitamins are an integral part of some food stuffs. Proteins are of two types. Animal proteins are rich in essential amino-acids, but plant proteins lack certain essential amino-acids. There are 8 essential amino-acids and a complete protein food should contain at least 5 of them. We require a mixed diet that is a diet consisting of foodstuffs derived from animals and plants as no single article of food contains all the essential proportions of diet materials cited above. Milk and cheese are rich source of casein, a protein. Eggs and meat are rich source of essential amino-acids containing proteins. Other sources of proteins are Soya beans, pulses and agar-agar. Water constitutes 80 to 85 per cent of our daily diet intake. Fruits and vegetables are rich source of carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. Vegetable oils are source of fat with unsaturated fatty acids. Different foodstuffs have different heat generating value that is Caloric value. One gram of protein has a heat value of 4 Calories, 1 gram of carbohydrate also has 4 Calories and 1 gram of fat has a heat value of 9 Calories. The Caloric value of a balanced diet for an adult male per day should be 2500 to 3000 Calories. A woman needs about 2200 Calories daily for good health and fitness.

Is Noninvasive Coronary Angiography Possible

2008-11-18T04:20:00.000-08:00

Yes, noninvasive coronary angiography is possible. Those who are not interested for trans radial coronary angiography or coronary angiography through femoral artery may opt for noninvasive coronary angiography which is performed by Computed Tomography Scan (CT Scan) procedure. The dazzling resolution and speed of 64-slice CT Scan is capable of imaging the cardiovascular system. Through computer aided software it is possible to freeze the cardiac motion to achieve the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Through CT Scan 64 thin slices, each with 360-degree rotation of the x-ray tube are achieved. The entire heart could be imaged with in 6 to 8 minutes as one slice image takes hardly 0.35 seconds. After the scan, the data is processed with image handling software on the CT workstation using volume rendering technique. Noninvasive coronary angiography is cost effective and less time consuming. One may have second opinion on the diagnosis before going for treatment.

Cause of Coronary Artery Disease: Coronary artery disease (CAD) occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle become hardened and narrowed down due to deposition of fat or plaques. The arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle are called coronary arteries. The buildup of plaque on the inner side of coronary arteries is known as atherosclerosis. Enormous increase in the size of plaque may lead to partial or complete blockage of a coronary artery, thereby reducing the flow of oxygenated blood to the cardiac muscle. Lack of oxygen supply and nutrients to the cardiac muscle may result in angina. Long duration of CAD may weaken the heart muscle and cause heart failure or arrhythmias. Heart failure means the heart is unable to pump the required amount of blood to various parts of body and does not advocate the complete cessation of function of heart. Arrhythmias means changes in the normal beating rhythm of the heart or apex beat. In some cases, the first sign of the CAD may be a heart attack. A heart attack may happen when a blood clot formed due to broken plaque completely blocks a coronary artery.

Parkinson’s Disease And Ayurvedic Treatment

2008-11-17T04:03:00.000-08:00

Parkinson's disease is a neuromuscular disorder that could affect individuals of both the sexes in advanced age. It is a sort of motor neuron disorder. By the time primary symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) like tremors or trembling of hands, arms and legs appear; more than 60 per cent of dopamine producing cells of brain would have been lost. Postural instability stuttering of voice and stiffness of limbs and trunk are other signs of Parkinson's disease. Dopamine has been established as an important messenger of brain for coordinating motor neuron function. There are two types of neurons in our body. The neurons which carry impulses out from the brain to the tissues are called efferent neurons and the neurons
which carry impulses to the brain from the tissues are called afferent neurons. Efferent neurons which supply impulses to the muscles and produce movement are called motor neurons and which supply impulses to the glands and produce secretion are called secretory neurons. Afferent neurons are also known as sensory neurons since these help us to assess a feeling of touch, pain and heat or cold. Incidence of PD is more in men as compared to women. Sometimes early signs of the disease could be confused with other neurological problems and may go unnoticed. Patients may find tremors or shaky movements in any one side of their body or in limbs even at rest. People suffering from PD need support and encouragement to tide over emotional stress. Massaging and exercise could be of great help to rehabilitate a patient suffering from Parkinson's disease. Physiotherapy and confidence building counseling are always fruitful for these patients. The nature has blessed the mankind with herbs for treatment of all ailments. Ayurvedic masters have explored the medicinal values of different parts of medicinal plants to great extent. Use of Ashwagandha or Ginseng (Withania samnifera) have been described as an effective herbal treatment for PD. Beans of Kapikachhu (Mucuna pruiens) have also been found to be treatment of choice for PD since
these are rich in L-dopa and have been validated through experimental studies. Gaduchi (Tinosporia cordifolia) and Jyotishmati (Celestrus paniculatum) are other herbs which could provide effective treatment in PD. An experienced Ayurvedic physician could be of great help to fight off the complications of Parkinson's disease.

Dental Implant Is Better Than Partial Denture For Missing Tooth

2008-11-14T07:57:00.000-08:00

We are destined to have only two sets of teeth in our life. The temporary set of teeth is completed between the age of 2 to 2.5 years. The temporary teeth are twenty in number, ten in each jaw. Permanent teeth are thirty-two in number, sixteen in each jaw and start coming through at the age of 6 years. The permanent set should be completed at the age of 14 years. The teeth should always be taken care and cleaned twice daily. The accidents or some oral
diseases can not be avoided where a tooth or some teeth are lost or need to be extracted. Now you could have two options for replacement of missing tooth a) removable tooth or b) permanent dental implant. Dental implant is the greatest advancement of modern dental medicine. Dental implants are customized and specially designed and manufactured from titanium and surgically implanted to replace the missing tooth. The success rate of dental implant fixation and tolerance is 100 per cent. These give more natural appearance and easy to clean. Dental implants are becoming preferred option among patients with missing teeth.

Dental implant placement time may vary on case basis. In some cases implant can be done in a single sitting, however, it may also take 6 weeks including final crown fixing. A single stage implant could go all the way through gum at the initial placement and in many cases it is safe to place the implant and the crown in a single sitting. If you have missing tooth, dental implant could be simple, predictable and everlasting solution to your problem. Keep smiling keep healthy.

Trans Radial Coronary Angiography Is Better Than Through Femoral Artery

2008-11-12T06:55:00.000-08:00

Coronary artery is the life line of our heart since it brings oxygenated blood and minerals to the heart. Our heart is the custodian of our life as it pumps oxygenated blood to our entire body throughout life. Blood supply to the heart may get impaired if the coronary artery gets clogged. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a serious heart ailment and needs to be evaluated properly to plan appropriate therapy. Heart disease could be suspected from the symptoms like chest pain and breathlessness associated with abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography and tread mill test (TMT). If there is any suspicion of heart disease that needs to be conformed by coronary angiography and further management depends on the type of blockages revealed by angiography.

Coronary angiography procedure is performed under local anesthesia, in a cardiac catheterization laboratory equipped with x-ray machine and ultrasonography machine. Local anesthetic is injected into the skin just above the blood vessel to numb the area at the wrist. A special type of cardiac catheter is inserted through the radial artery of the wrist. The conventional procedure carried out earlier was through the femoral artery of the groin region. The only pain experienced by the patient is that of the injection of local anesthetic. The catheter does not hurt at all. The tip of the catheter is pushed just inside the coronary artery and then radio opaque dye is injected through the catheter into the artery. Several x-ray films are exposed rapidly as the dye is injected and recorded as a moving picture called angiogram. The procedure demonstrates the radio opaque dye passing through the coronary artery and thereby any narrowing or blockage of the artery. The catheter is pulled out gently after the procedure is over and the site of insertion is kept pressed for at least 10 minutes to avoid any bleeding and let the wound sealed with blood clot.

Trans radial coronary angiography is less time consuming and emotional stress free as compared to coronary angiography through the femoral artery route. The patient needs not to be hospitalized. There are minimal chances of infection since our arms are cleaner as compared to groin area. Patient can go home within hours after the procedure. However, trans radial coronary angiography needs more expertise for the cardiologist. There is minimal scope for serious complications.

Lipolysis Is Better Than Liposuction

2008-11-12T06:33:00.000-08:00

Lipolysis has been proved to be better option than liposuction for body reshaping. Laserlipolysis is an advanced, laser assisted body reshaping technique by way of removing of excessive fatty tissue. We do exercise to burn fat but lipolysis procedure is applied to remove the localized fat deposits impossible to be got ridden off through regular exercise. Laserlipolysis is a better option for the people who want to improve their figure through mechanized removal of fat from some focal areas of their body. The lipolysis procedure is less traumatic than the traditional liposuction and there is no loss of blood and lesser recovery time. As the procedure involves minimal invasion it could be a 'walk in and walk out' procedure for most of the treated areas. Patients have not to be hospitalized and may join work after 24 hours. Laserlipolysis activates the breaking up of the membranes of fat cells, transforming them into oily substance that is eliminated through natural absorption process. Harmonious body shape could be achieved without any side effects. Laserlipolysis procedure could also be performed in the areas typically unsuitable for traditional liposuction. An experienced 'skin specialist and cosmetic surgeon' could effectively treat areas like the face, neck, ankles, calf and double chin. Procedure could also be applied for reducing breast size. The advantage of laserlipolysis over liposuction is that the skin remains naturally tight, which was not possible with liposuction.

Sleep and Mental Health

2008-11-08T05:18:00.000-08:00

Human beings are adapted to biphasic life. In association with the law of nature, we should work during the day time and sleep at night. Daily requirement of an adult male or female is 6 to 8 hours of sleep. However, present day lifestyle, job compulsions and emergency services as well as help desk services have changed the bio-profile of our life. Doctors, hospital staff, industrial workers on shift duty could not sleep well or get very less time to sleep. Other times some people sleep less due to family responsibilities. Massive sleep deprivation is similar to the effect of alcoholic intoxication. Accumulated sleep debt affects our mental physiology. Sleep is must for the growth of infants and children, too. Sleep derivation is dangerous for your health and the life of fellow beings, too, if you are on the steering wheel. A sleep deprived driver is as dangerous as a drunk driver.

Sleep deprived persons put to simulated driving test perform as though taken 6 to 8 ounces of alcohol. Sleep deprivation affects our efficiency and impair our judgment. A sleep deprived person would always make more mistakes as compared to a person who had enjoyed rest and sleep. No food or drug could replace sleep and its revitalizing effect. Massive sleep deprivation may lead to behavioral disorders. If you do not sleep you can not have dreams of creativity. Sleep is a composite phenomenon essential for life. You must find sufficient time to sleep daily. To me sleep is a ritual.

Personality Development Tips

2008-11-02T04:05:00.000-08:00

Our attitude and conviction play a vital role in our personality. Coordination between the mind and body improves our self confidence. Our mental health is key factor for grooming our self confidence and attitude. Here are some tips which may definitely help you improve your personality.

Emotional Control: The very first thing needs to be learnt is the control over emotions. Never blame others for your failures. The worst emotion is the anger and it could be managed efficiently. Feel great and forgive. Fold your hands to calm down your inner self. Discuss your problem with friends.

Self Confidence: Knowing your potential is the first point of self confidence. Only you know best about your strengths and weaknesses. Always remember that you are unique and none can beat you in your field of expertise. Always do your best to fulfill the expectations of others. Celebrate your achievements.

Body Language: Your body language reflects your attitude and temperament towards others. Respect others and others will respect you. Your dress code should suit your social status and age group.

Positive Attitude: Love your existence and the nature. The beauty of the heavenly bodies instill positive attitude. The sun rises every morning as a routine but it is always refreshing. Admire the beauty of flowers and appreciate good qualities of others. Appreciate the work of your juniors.

Social Consideration: Take interest in the work and well being of others. Let others feel comfortable in your presence. Try to help the needy people if you can. Never harm others for your personal gain. Avoid using abusive language.

Consideration for Others: Understand and respect the feelings of others. Always remember that everybody wants recognition and appreciation. Try to help those who could not help themselves.

Creative Thinking: Always aspire to learn new things with apt attention. Creative thinking keeps our brain active and adds to our desire to explore new things. The very soundness of your mind opens up new horizons and elevates your perception and personality.

Humor and Laughter: Humor and laughter lubricate our mind and rejuvenate our physical body. Sound mind would always keep your body sound and outlook charming.

Accept Challenges with Responsibility: The more you feel responsible the more you feel dynamic. The moment you get involved in a task of responsibility, you overcome barriers of time and space. Fulfilling a responsibility refresh your mind and personality.

Celebrate Your Achievements: Be the master of your destiny. If you are a boss, respect your juniors and thank God for your position. If you are a subordinate, respect your boss and fellow colleagues. Celebrate your achievements. Always learn from those who perform better than you and try to perform better than them. Appreciate the efforts and good work of others. Live happy and peaceful.

Neck Pain: Precautions and Treatment

2008-10-08T08:42:00.000-07:00

Neck pain or cervical sprain is extremely common in individuals who keep their head tilted side ways while typing, writing on black board, watching television or attending a telephone call. The physiological cause is muscle spasm and or cervical sprain. There may be inflammation and swelling at the back of neck. The neck pain may also cause headache. The headache may sometimes aggravate with change in posture or mere pressure of pillow at night. Jerky head bending or continuous upward head tilt may also be cause of cervical sprain or neck pain.

Precautions:

Keep your neck warm by wrapping a scarf around the neck or wearing high neck shirt or thermal clothing in winter.
While resting one can use cervical collar, but sometimes the collar may aggravate pain due to pressure at some trigger point.
Avoid looking upward or towards the side you feel stiffness.
Use a neck sweater if you have to work in a room with airconditioner.
Avoid sitting directly under the airconditioner.
Use modified pillow and avoid sleeping in trouble prone position.

Treatment:

The best home remedy as well as medically advised external remedy or treatment is massage with warm mustard oil, olive oil or liquid paraffin, since it alleviate the muscle spasm. Two sessions of massage daily for 2-3 days are sufficient for complete relief.
Acupressure and/or manipulation along with massaging by a trained physiotherapist may be of great help.
Ultrasonic massage is very effective.
Apply pain reliever gel at the painful area.
Apply heating pad or hot pack at the sore areas.
Take non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) after consulting your physician.

Exercises: Following exercises are always found to be helpful to relieve the stiffness and pain:

Place both your hands behind your head and tilt the head backwards against the resistance of hands, relax and repeat 10 times. Do two-three sessions daily.
Place your right hand on right cheek and try to rotate your face towards right side against the resistance of your hand. Slowly return to mid position. Now place your left hand on left cheek and try to rotate your face towards left side against the resistance of your hand. Relax in between and repeat five times towards each side.
Hold your forehead with your hands and try touching your chin to neck against the resistance of your hands, Repeat five times.

Benefits of Eating Pistachio Nuts

2008-10-08T08:35:00.000-07:00

Dry fruits are a rich source of antioxidants and high density lipid (HDL). Pistachio nuts (pale-green nuts) have been found to be having beneficial effect on our lipid profile. Regular daily intake of 45g to 75g of pistachio nuts (pista) could reduce overall cholesterol level with an increase in HDL-C, a good lipid. In fact obesity and its related problems are a big concern for all developing countries. High level of low density lipid (LDL) or bad cholesterol is a major cause of coronary artery disease (CAD). Especially for women HDL is more important than LDL and total cholesterol level. So, women should be encouraged to eat pistachio nuts. About 30 to 45 per cent population in majority of the countries is overweight. There is a simple method to assess your fitness through body mass index (BMI) evaluation as highlighted in my previous article. Non-salted pistachio nuts are a very nutritious food item since it contains antioxidants, phytosterols and fibre. Intake of pistachio nuts stimulates and corrects metabolism.

Urticaria: Prevention Is Better Than Cure

2008-09-26T06:53:00.000-07:00

Allergic disorders constitute one of the commonest diseases affecting mankind. Respiratory system and skin are two most commonly effected tissues of our body. Urticaria is an allergic disorder of skin. It may be acute or chronic problem. It is marked by raised patches on the skin with redness and severe feeling of itching. Stiffness and stretching along with intense itching is a very common symptom in urticaria. Acute episodes of urticaria may subside with in a day or two with simple anti allergic treatment. The condition is said be chronic if it lasts more than four weeks. There are many factors which may trigger urticaria. Certain food stuffs, contact with certain plants, drugs and environmental factors could be the possible cause of acute or chronic urticaria. Underlying mechanism involves the immune interactions or hyper-sensitivity reaction. Urticaria rashes can affect any area of the body. There may be wheel and flare type reaction on skin with redness. Auto-immune disorders may also cause chronic urticaria. Self assessment of the cause of urticaria is possible. Assessment of urticaria due to food stuff is possible by diet elimination and provocation test. Do as follows:

For three days stop all food stuffs except water, sugar and salt - urticaria due to food item will clear.
On 4^th day take milk in addition to above mentioned items - if no urticaria - no allergy to milk.
On 5^th day add potatoes to your diet in addition to above mentioned items - if no urticaria - no allergy to potatoes.
On 6^th day add wheat to your diet in addition to above mentioned items - if no urticaria - no allergy to wheat.
On 7^th day add pulses to your diet in addition to above mentioned items - if no urticaria - no allergy to pulses.
Continue the same diet for a week - no urticaria
On 15^th day add rice (or suspected food item) to you diet in addition to above mentioned items - if urticaria occurs - you are allergic to rice (or suspected food item).

Always avoid the item causing allergy, since, prevention is better than cure.

Important: Food stuffs with preservatives should be avoided for good
health.

Piles in Children: Precautions and Treatment

2008-09-21T09:26:00.000-07:00

Piles are most common condition of ano-rectal origin. The veins of lower anal canal are generally get dilated in piles and represent as a cluster of blisters. Single vein could also be involved in the initial stage. Piles may cause intermittent itching or bleeding due to bulging of piles. Conditions piles, anal fistula and anal fissures are conventionally considered to be the health problems of middle aged and elderly people. However, the situation is tilting scales and these diseases are being seen with increased frequency in children and younger people. Altered life style and changing food habits are the main cause of piles in children and younger people. Foods with less quantity of fibre and excess of starch generally cause constipation if less quantity of water is taken. Lack of exercise may further complicate the situation and net result is onset of piles. Piles could be avoided and in the initial stage be treated with high-fibre and less starchy diet. At least 50% relief in majority of patients with anal fissures and piles has been reported with high-fibre diet alone. Complete treatment is possible with high-fibre diet and local application of anaesthetic ointments like lignocaine or xylocaine ointment and diazepam ointment. In complicated cases a variety of treatments are available but a timely medical examination and advice could be of great help to avoid surgical procedures. The best advice is: avoid junk food, do exercise and drink sufficient water to avoid piles.

Large Hadron Collider and Higgs Boson

2008-09-12T08:23:00.000-07:00

Wednesday, September 10, 2008 would be remembered a great day in the history of science for the successful completion of experimentation of proton collision. The event would be remembered as a great step in understanding the Big Bang and creation of the Universe. The experiment was completed at 0836 GMT (10.36 IST) in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) developed by the scientists of the European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN) under the directions of Robert Aymar, Director General of CERN and Lyn Evans the Project Leader. The huge particle smashing machine, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is built underneath the Swiss-French border at the cost of 9 billion dollars. Physicists around the world now have much greater power than ever before to smash the components of atoms together in attempts to see how they are made.

According to a theory propagated by an Indian scientist Satyendra Nath Bose and later endorsed by the British scientist Peter Higgs in 1964, it is believed that the collision of Hadrons (protons) was the cause of creation of matter. The experiment is a great leap to testify the theory that there exists a "Higgs Boson" that gives matter its mass. The particle has been named after Higgs and Bose the conceivers and propagators of the theory.

The entire credit goes to creative thinking and logical reasoning. In your daily life you watch the electron collider daily as the picture tube (CRT) of your television. Here accelerated electrons strike the stationary electrons in the phosphor coating on the inner side of the picture tube to form the images. In a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) images are formed due to collisions of electrons of the electron beam with electrons or protons of uranium and lead atoms. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is a tunnel of 17 mile circumference, wherein protons or hadrons were made to collide at very high acceleration, probably the speed of light. The construction principle of the LHC and an Electron Microscope is identical in every aspect except for the cooling system since in the LHC the accelerating voltage for the protons ranges from 450 giga electron volts (GeV) to 7 tera electron volts (TeV) hence higher generation of heat and efficient cooling system is necessary. The temperature of superconducting magnets in LHC is maintained at -271.1 degree Celsius with liquid helium which makes it largest cryogenic facility in the world till date. The astronomical black holes are much different from the microscopic black holes supposed to be produced in the LHC. There was nothing to panic thinking about microscopic black holes.

How to Prevent Vision Loss in Glaucoma

2008-09-07T23:33:00.000-07:00

Glaucoma is a condition of the eye characterized by increased intraocular pressure. The condition may be primary or secondary. Increased intraocular pressure in an eye without previous disease is called primary glaucoma and increased intraocular pressure due to disease or injury on the eye is called secondary glaucoma. The major hurdle to the prevention of glaucoma blindness is the fact that the patient never has any symptom.

Glaucoma leads to blindness by damaging the optic nerve. Elevated intraocular pressure is a risk factor, but even patients with normal intraocular pressure may lose vision. The worldwide prevalence of glaucoma is increasing and about half of the people who have
glaucoma, don't even know it. The key to preserving vision in glaucoma is timely diagnosis and treatment through regular eye examinations. Old people with hypertension, diabetes and/or migraine and increased intraocular pressure or having family history of glaucoma are at high risk of having glaucoma.

Glaucoma patients are diagnosed and monitored on the basis of intraocular pressure (IOP), visual field changes and optic nerve changes. The corneal thickness of the patient affects the intraocular pressure. The new advancement in the diagnosis of glaucoma is regarding nerve fibre layer analysis. Glaucoma could be detected at an early stage through nerve fibre layer analysis even before the onset of visual field changes. It is concluded that the key to preserving vision in glaucoma is timely diagnosis and treatment through regular eye examinations.

Probiotics for Good Health

2008-09-07T01:00:00.000-07:00

Probiotics are non-pathogenic strains of bacteria which could be harbored in your body for beneficial effect. Inflammation is a major factor in a number of chronic diseases affecting millions of people across the globe and cause unwanted impact on the healthy tissue. Recently it has been explored through concerted research that Bifidobacteriun infantis 35624, a probiotic bacterial strain of human origin, could be used to modulate the inflammatory response in irritable bowel syndrome.